Laboratory test values

Question 1

test for arterial blood gas

Answer 1

• collected to evaluate acid-base status (pH), ventilation (PaCO2) and oxygenation of arterial blood (PaO2). the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood PaO2 and teh percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin SaO2 provide information about how well the lungs are functioning to oxygenate the blood

Question 2

pH

Answer 2

• blood pH is tighly regulated as an imbalance in either direction can affect the nervous system and can cause convulsions or coma
• 7.4 (7.35-7.45)

Question 3

PaCO2

Answer 3

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood provides information on how well the lungs are able to remove carbon dioxide
-changes in PaCO2 directly affect the balance of pH in the body

• 40 mmHg at sea level breathing ambient air (35-45 mmHg)

Question 4

PaO2 and SaO2

Answer 4

the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood PaO2 and teh percent oxygen saturation of hemoglobin SaO2 provide information about how well the lungs are functioning to oxygenate the blood

PaO2: 97 mmHg at sea level breathing ambient air (80-100 mmHg)

SaO2: 95-98%

Question 5

HCO3-

Answer 5

bicarbonate is an important component of the chemical buffering system that keeps the blood from becoming too acidic or basic and is often part of an ABG test

54mEq/L( 22-26)

Question 6

order ABG results are written

Answer 6

• pH- PaCO2– PaO2– HCO3-

Question 7

acidemia

Answer 7

elevated acidity of blood <7.35

Question 8

alkalemia

Answer 8

decreased acidity of blood >7.45

Question 9

Eucapnia

Answer 9

• normal level of CO2 in arterial blood

35-45 mmHg

Question 10

Hypercapnia

Answer 10

-elevated level of CO2 in arterial blood (PaCO2 >45 mmHg)

Question 11

hypocapnia

Answer 11

• low level of CO2 in arterial blood (PaO2 <80mmHg)

Question 12

hypoxemia

Answer 12

• low level of O2 in arterial blood (PaO2<80 mmHg)

Question 13

mild hypoxemia:

Answer 13

• PaO2 60-79 mmHG

Question 14

moderate hypoxemia

Answer 14

• PaO2 40-59 mmHg

Question 15

severe hypoxemia

Answer 15

-PaO2 <40 mmHg

Question 16

hypoxia

Answer 16

• low level of O2 in the tissue despite adequate perfusion of the tissue

Question 17

cardiac biomarkers

Answer 17

• certain enzymes leak out of teh heart cells and into the blood after myocardial infarction
• cardiac enzyme studied measure the levels of creatine phosphokinase and teh protein troponin in the blood. ck- MB is a relatively specific test for myocardial infarction. it appears in blood approx four hours after infarction, peaks at 12-24 hours, and declines over 48-72 hours. cardiac troponin- I is also a specific marker for infarction, and unlike CK- MB levels it remains elevated for 5-7 days

Question 18

cholesterol tests

Answer 18

• measure the amt of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood in order to determine the risk of atherosclerosis
• ## HDL, LDL. total and triglycerides

Question 19

HDL

Answer 19

• “good” cholesterol because it helps carry away LDL cholesterol and is protective against atherogenesis

Question 20

LDL

Answer 20

referred to as teh “bad’ cholesterol since it is associated with the buildup of fatyy plaque within the arteries which reduce blood flow

Question 21

triglycerides

Answer 21

• the body converts any calories it doesnot need to use right away into triglycerides, which are stored in adipose tissue. high levels of triglycerides are seen in overweight people, in those consuming too many sweets or too much alcohol and in people with diabetes who have elevated blood sugar levels

Question 22

complete blood count CBC

Answer 22

• measures red blood cell count, total white blood cell count, white clood cell differential, platelets, hemoglobin and hematocrit
• CBC is performed to assess health, to diagnose, and monitor a medical condition and to monitor the effects of medical treatment

Question 23

hematocrit

Answer 23

• is the percentage of RBC in total blood volume
• low hematocrit may indicate anemia, blood loss and vitamin or mineral deficiencies
• high hematocrit: indicate dehydration or polycythemia vera, a condition that causes an overproduction of red blood cells

Question 24

Partial Thromboplatsin time PTT

and Prothrombin Time PT

Answer 24

• PTT and PT measures how quickly the blood clots
• the tests are commonoly used to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy or to screen for selected bleeding disorders
• the tests examine all of the clotting factors of the intrinsic pathway with the exception of platelets
• partial thromboplasting time is more sensitive than prothrimbin time in detecting minor deficiencies

Question 25

Lab values/ ranges for:

erythrocytes

Answer 25

• males 4.3- 5.6 x10^6

- females 4.0 - 5.2 x10^6

Question 26

Lab values/ ranges for:

leukocytes

Answer 26

Total 3.54-9.006 x 10^3

Question 27

Lab values/ ranges for:

platelet count

Answer 27

165-415 X10^3

Question 28

Lab values/ ranges for:

Partial THromboplastin Time PTT

Answer 28

• 26.3-39.4

Question 29

Lab values/ ranges for:

Hematocrit

Answer 29

adult males: 0.388-0.464

adult females: 0.354-0.444

Question 30

Lab values/ ranges for:

Hemoglobin

Answer 30

adult males: 13.3-16.2

adult females: 12.0-15.8

Question 31

Lab values/ ranges for:

Total cholesterol

Answer 31

DEsirable: <200
borderline 200-239
High: >240 mg/dL

Question 32

Lab values/ ranges for:

LDL cholesterol

Answer 32

Optimal <100
Borderline: 130-159
high: 160-189
very high >190

Question 33

Lab values/ ranges for:

HDL cholesterol

Answer 33

• Low <40

High >60

Question 34

Lab values/ ranges for:

triglycerides

Answer 34

DEsirable: <150
Borderline: 150-199
High 200-499
very high: >500