Random Flashcards
loss of function in GAP1 (GTPase activating proteins) will cause formation of (R7 cells) . . .
multiple R7 cells
Regarding R7 specification, what gene is required non-cell-autonomously?
boss
constitutively active means . . .
always on
constitutively active Sev vs Sev+
sev = always on working sev+ = working gene (but not always on)
each B cell expresses only on successfully rearranged immunoglobulin, because of . . .
allelic exclusion (one of the alleles is silenced)
how does p53 function
disrupts formation of cyclin/CDK complex
bicoid, nanos, toll, torso, dorsal are all what type of genes . . .
maternal effect
conservation in the order of genes along the chromosome from different species vs same gene in different species from same parental species
synteny vs orthologs
SNP stands for
single nucleotide polymorphism
what are the symptoms of MERRF
seizures, ataxia, dementia, epileptic seizures
Describe the notch pathway. What connects to notch? What transports the proteolytically cleaved notch to the nucleus?
DELTA protein attaches to notch receptor, Su(H) transports proteolytically cleaved notch to the nucleus to alter gene expression
the RTK activates Ras through what??
RTK is phosphorylated, adaptor molecules attach and activate Ras
Kruppel is repressed by . . .
activated by . . .
high levels of bicoid; low levels of bicoid and hunchback (HB)
Knirps is repressed by . . .
activated by . . .
bicoid; low levels of hunchback
Kruppel and knirps similarities, differences?
Both activated by low levels of hunchback; knirps repressed by bicoid, activated by low levels of hunchback
________ complex contains five genes that specify HEAD and first 2 thoracic segments
Antennapedia
_______ complex contains 3 genes that specify structures in the POSTERIOR portion of the second thoracic segment, and abdominal segments
bithorax
antennapedia = \_\_\_\_\_\_ bithorax = \_\_\_\_\_
antennapedia = head bithorax = tail
moltuple sclerosis, insulin-dependent diabetes (type I), rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, rheumatic fever are all . . .
autoimmune diseases
kaposi sacroma is a . . .
viral cancer (caused by herpes virus)
difference between c-onc and v-onc (introns)
c-onc have introns, v-onc don’t
difference between c-onc and v-onc (proteins)
c-onc - encode active or inactive state proteins
v-onc - encode always active state proteins
the epithelial-mesenchymal transition means . . .
metastasis occurs
normal vs cancer cells: autocrine stimulation
normal: absent
cancer: present
normal vs cancer cells: contact inhibition
normal: present
cancer: absent
normal vs cancer cells: irradiation causing cell death
normal: present
cancer: absent
normal vs cancer cells: gap junctions
normal: present
cancer: absent
Knudson vs Lynn Margulis
Knudson - cancer is multi-step (thru RB studies)
Lynn Margulis - endosymbiont theory (mito are engulfed bacteria)
the high level of genomic instability in cancer cells is known as the ________ _________
mutator phenotype
BAX is a TSG or oncogene
TSG
. . . inhibits BAX; therefore, inhibits cell apoptosis
Bcl-2
narrow selection heritability equation (how to remember)
h_2 = Va / Vp = R / S (alphabetical order!)
