241 - 34 & 35, Developmental Genetics II

Question 1

In Drosophila, the formation of the dorsal-ventral axis depends on the ____ pathway, which is similar to the NFκB pathway

Answer 1

Toll

Question 2

Toll receptors, activated by Spätzel, cause a nuclear ________ of Dorsal (the Drosophila NFκB homolog). Dorsal then activates the transcription of genes required for the formation of ventral side

Answer 2

translocation

Question 3

The formation of the terminal structures depends on _____, which is a receptor tyrosine kinase.

Answer 3

Torso

Question 4

The Torso signaling cascade acts through ___

Answer 4

Ras

Question 5

________ is a soluble molecule capable of providing ________-dependent instructions for cell differentiation.

Answer 5

morphogen, concentration

Question 6

the maternal genes are also called the _______ genes

Answer 6

coordinate

Question 7

segment polarity genes collectively known as _________ genes

Answer 7

segmentation

Question 8

the body is segmented by the ___, ____-rule

Answer 8

gap, pair-rule

Question 9

________ (_______) genes determine the identity of each segment in axis specification

Answer 9

homeotic (selector)

Question 10

In . . . genes, gradients of bicoid and nanos RNAs are generated maternally
during oogenesis

Answer 10

maternal

Question 11

determinants for localizations in maternal genes reside in the . . .

Answer 11

3’ UTRs

Question 12

. . . genes are expressed in broad stripes during embryogenesis

Answer 12

gap

Question 13

Mutations in ___ genes cause large gaps in segmentation pattern.

Answer 13

gap

Question 14

. . . genes are expressed in 7 stripes, generated by the regulation of maternal and gap genes.

Answer 14

pair-rule

Question 15

Mutations in . . . genes eliminate segment-size sections at every other segment.

Answer 15

pair-rule

Question 16

. . . genes are expressed in 14 stripes

Answer 16

segment polarity

Question 17

Mutations in . . . genes eliminate part of each segment.

Answer 17

segment polarity

Question 18

. . . genes encode transcription factors

Answer 18

Hox

Question 19

60-amino-acid DNA- binding homeodomain is a transcription factor encoded by . . . genes

Answer 19

hox

Question 20

In Drosophila, there are two Hox gene complexes, . . . and . . .

Answer 20

Ant-C and Bx-C

Question 21

Hox genes are ________ in mammals

Answer 21

conserved (all animals have box genes)

Question 22

Bicoid is a _______-effect gene.

Answer 22

maternal

Question 23

Bicoid controls the formation of _______ structures

Answer 23

anterior

Question 24

Bicoid acts as a _________

Answer 24

morphogen

Question 25

The localization determinant for bicoid mRNA is in __'UTR

Answer 25

3

Question 26

Bicoid gene encodes a homeodomain-containing _________ _______

Answer 26

transcription factor

Question 27

You have isolated a mutant affecting anterior-posterior patterning of the Drosophila embryo, in which every other segment of the developing mutant embryo was missing. Based on this observation, the mutation is likely be in a

Answer 27

pair-rule gene

Question 28

ou have cloned a piece of DNA that contains the candidate gene. In situ hybridization using this DNA was performed to determine the expression pattern of this gene during embryogenesis. Based on the discussion in class, you'll expect to see

Answer 28

7 stripes

Question 29

In Drosophila Hox mutants, the NUMBER / TYPE of segments is affected.

Answer 29

Type

Question 30

Drosophila contains ___ (#) Hox gene complexes.

Answer 30

2

Question 31

The arrangement of Hox genes on chromosome is . . . with structures specified by these genes.

Answer 31

co-linear

Question 32

The organization and function of Hox genes are conserved in _______

Answer 32

mammals

Question 33

Hox genes encode _________ ______, which include DNA-binding homeodomain

Answer 33

transcription factors

Question 34

the zygote of drosophila can undergo 13 divisions without _________

Answer 34

cytokinesis

Question 35

the anterior distribution of the drosophila embryo is ______ mRNA

Answer 35

bicoid

Question 36

the posterior distribution of the drosophila embryo is ______ mRNA

Answer 36

nanos

Question 37

the _____ receptor proteins located terminally

Answer 37

torso

Question 38

the _____ receptor proteins located ventrally

Answer 38

toll

Question 39

dorsal-ventral axis specified by the nuclear translocation of ______ protein

Answer 39

dorsal

Question 40

the terminal pathway utilizes . . .

Answer 40

RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases

Question 41

anterior-posterior gradients formed by . . . genes

Answer 41

maternal effect

Question 42

zygotic . . . genes divide embryo into broad regions

Answer 42

gap

Question 43

zygotic . . . genes divide embryo into stripes two segments wide, the combined action defines segment borders

Answer 43

pair-rule

Question 44

__ stripes will be observed after zygotic pair-rule genes

Answer 44

7

Question 45

zygotic . . . genes divide segments into anterior and posterior halves

Answer 45

segment polarity

Question 46

_______ - determine cell fates can also be specified by specific amounts of soluble molecules secreted at a distance from the target cells.

Answer 46

morphogens

Question 47

morphogen may specify more than one cell type by forming a ________ _______

Answer 47

concentration gradient

Question 48

Homozygous loss of _____ in the mother leads to the formation of embryos that lack head structures, regardless of the father’s genotype.

Answer 48

bicoid (controls anterior)

Question 49

bicoid and nanos are _________

Answer 49

morphogens

Question 50

bicoid and nanos mRNA (morphogens) are localized in _______

Answer 50

oocytes

Question 51

regulation of bicoid and nanos mRNA is by _' UTR

Answer 51

3

Question 52

the bicoid functions in ________ specification of the anterior-posterior axis

Answer 52

maternal

Question 53

caudal mRNA inhibited by, hunchback stimulated by ______ mRNA

Answer 53

bicoid

Question 54

hunchback mRNA inhibited by ______ mRNA

Answer 54

nanos

Question 55

match the following genes with the drosophila body regions they develop: - toll - cactus - dorsal - nanos - torso - bicoid

Answer 55

- toll - ventral (w/ dorsal) - cactus - dorsal (w/ dorsal) - dorsal - ventral (t) or doral (c) - nanos - posterior - torso - terminal - bicoid - anterior

Question 56

list the 3 types of segmentation genes (in the order they act)

Answer 56

gap genes pair-rule genes segment polarity genes

Question 57

list the 3 types of developmental genes (in the order they act)

Answer 57

egg polarity genes Segmentation genes Homeotic genes

Question 58

homeotic genes determine the ______ of individual segments

Answer 58

indentity

Question 59

Hox genes, a type of homeotic are special because . . .

Answer 59

conserved in mammals

Question 60

hunchback is ACTIVATED / SUPPRESSED by bicoid

Answer 60

activated (forms head structures)

Question 61

hunchback is ACTIVATED / SUPPRESSED by nanos

Answer 61

suppressed (forms tail structure)

Question 62

protein whose concentration gradient affects development fate of a region

Answer 62

morphogen

Question 63

________ was used to prove that genes aren't lost or permanently altered during development

Answer 63

cloning

Question 64

egg-polarity genes are expressed in the _____

Answer 64

mother (maternal effect genes)

Question 65

egg-polarity genes are expressed in the _____

Answer 65

mother (maternal effect genes)