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Genetics > 241 - 31, Comparative genomics and proteomics > Flashcards

241 - 31, Comparative genomics and proteomics Flashcards

1
Q

In some areas, long stretches of DNA (>1mb) are completely devoid of any know genes. Called _____ _____

A

gene deserts

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2
Q

gene deserts size

A

> 1mb

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3
Q

segmental duplication size

A

> 1kb

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4
Q

Vertebrates have MORE / LESS protein diversity than do invertebrates.

A

more

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5
Q

Vertebrate genomes DO / DO NOT encode more protein domains than do invertebrates.

A

do not (dependent on combinations)

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6
Q

Explain protein diversity between vertebrates and invertebrates

A

greater diversity in vertebrae, because domains in more combinations

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7
Q

regions where the order of genes within variously sized blocks is the same as their order in the most recent common ancestor of the two species

A

syntenty

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8
Q

_______ are closely related genes.

A

homologs

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9
Q

_______ refers to homologs inherited from a common ancestor.

A

orthologs

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10
Q

_______ are genes that are related by gene duplication event in a genome.

A

paralogs

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11
Q

proteomics (2)

A

2D gel

yeast 2-hybrid interaction screen

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12
Q

Proteins are separated first by electric charge (first dimension) and then by molecular weight (second dimension) in a ___ ___

A

2D gel

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13
Q

The DNA binding domain and activation domain of a transcription factor is fused to two proteins of interest. If the two protein interact, a functional transcription activator will be reconstituted.

A

Yeast 2-hybrid interaction screen

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14
Q

most prokaryotic genome are . . .

A

single circular chromosome

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15
Q

prokaryote genomes (3)

A

single circle (most common)
single linear
two circles

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16
Q

prokaryotes have about _ kb per gene (this is DENSE / NOT DENSE)

A

1; dense

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17
Q

A process by which both closely and distantly related bacterial species periodically exchange gene information over evolutionary time.

A

horizontal gene transfer

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18
Q

one mechanism of horizontal gene transfer is ________

A

transformation

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19
Q

repetitive DNA is frequently ___% of the total DNA in ________

A

> 50; eukaryotes

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20
Q

_________ have many introns

A

eukaryotes (human)

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21
Q

gene density: pro vs eu

A

pro - high

eu - low

22
Q

yeast __ kb per gene

humans __ kb per gene

A

2; 125

23
Q

genes found within introns are common in . . .

A

highly evolved plants

24
Q

gene density IS / IS NOT uniform

A

is not

25
Q

gene deserts (devoid of known genes) are how large?

A

> 1 mb

26
Q

why do vertebrates have more protein diversity than invertebrates?

A

assembled into more cominations (not because they have more domains [ they don’t])

27
Q

number of protein domains between species is SIMILAR / VARIED

A

similar

28
Q

BLAST stands for

A

basic local alignment search tool

29
Q

_____ is an alignment value – more points for long matches, points deducted for interruptions or gaps.

A

BLAST

30
Q

“_____” value is like __-score–the probability that similarity between genes is random.

A

“expect”; p

31
Q

better matches have:
HIGH / LOW BLAST score
HIGH / LOW expect value

A

HIGH

LOW

32
Q

regions where the order of genes within variously sized blocks is the same as their order in the most recent common ancestor of the two species

A

synteny

33
Q

protein expression directly determines ______

A

phenotypes

34
Q

analysis of what proteins are translated in a certain cell type, or under certain experimental conditions

A

proteomics

35
Q

2-D gels separate ______ by what two variables

A

proteins; mass and charge

36
Q

yeast two-hybrid system used for detecting _____-______ interactions

A

protein-protein

37
Q

________ - linking a gene’s sequence information to other information about its function and expression, the protein that it encodes, and information on similar genes in other species

A

annotation

38
Q

________ - all of the RNA molecules transcribed from a genome

A

transcriptome

39
Q

______ - all proteins encoded by a genome

A

proteome

40
Q

orthologs vs paralogs

A

ortholog - evolved from same gene in a common ancestor

paralog - duplication of a gene in evolutionary past (same organism)

41
Q

genes affecting a particular characteristic or function can be identified by using a genome wide ________ _____ and ________ ________

A

mutagenesis screen and positional cloning

42
Q 
order the following for a mutagenesis screen:
1 - verify genetic basis
2 - positional cloning
3 - mutagenesis
4 - identify mutants
A

3, 2, 4, 1

43
Q

horizontal gene transfer has played a major role in _______ genome ________

A

bacterial genome evolution

44
Q

For multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms, what’s the relationship between organismal complexity and amount of DNA?

A

None

45
Q

humans have vary long ______, as compared to other species

A

introns

46
Q

____ ________ precisely determines the molecular mass of a molecule; used to measure amount of each protein present

A

mass spectrometry

47
Q

Closely related genes are referred to as ________

A

homologs

48
Q

the somatic cells of a human male is made into a library and subjected to whole-genome sequencing. After the completion of the project, the number of contigs should be

A

24

49
Q

the somatic cells of a human female is made into a library and subjected to whole-genome sequencing. After the completion of the project, the number of contigs should be

A

23

50
Q

________ - regions where gene order in 2 species is the same as in the most common ancestor

A

synteny

51
Q

what 2 methods are used in conjunction in proteomics

A

2D gel followed by mass spectrometry

Genetics (10 decks)

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