Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics > 241 - 41, Evolutionary Genetics > Flashcards

241 - 41, Evolutionary Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Principle of _______ - Among individuals within any population, there is variation in morphology, physiology, and behavior

A

Variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Principle of ______ - Offspring resemble their parents more than they resemble unrelated individuals.

A

Heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Principle of ________ - Some forms are more successful at surviving and reproducing than other forms in given environment.

A

Selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Genetic evidence for common ancestry (3, think conservation)

A
  • anatomical observations
  • gene function conservation
  • DNA and protein sequence conservation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

an example of gene function conservation proving common ancestry is . . .

A

pax6 / eyeless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_________ substitutions are from one alternative codon to another, making no change in the amino acid.

A

synonymous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

__________ substitutions result in amino acid changes.

A

nonsynonymous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

rates of substitution are lower in amino acid coding regions of _____

A

exons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

rates of substitution are higher in . . .

A

nonfunctional DNA (pseudogenes, introns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What theory?
1 - Polymorphisms (mutations) that are favorable or detrimental are preserved or removed from the population, respectively, by natural selection.
2 - Frequency of neutral alleles will be determined by mutation rates and random genetic drift.

A

Neutral theory of molecular evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neutral theory of molecular evolution
1 - Polymorphisms (mutations) that are favorable or detrimental are preserved or removed from the population, respectively, by . . .

A

natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neutral theory of molecular evolution

2 - Frequency of neutral alleles will be determined by . . . and . . .

A

mutation rates and random genetic DRIFT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

________ selection/hypothesis - The genetic variation in natural populations is maintained by selection that favors variation

A

balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Genetic variation within natural populations is shaped largely by ________

A

selection (balance hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

. . .
1 - The genetic variation in natural populations is maintained by selection that favors variation .
2 - Genetic variation within natural populations is shaped largely by selection.

A

balance hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Molecular clocks are based on amino acid or nucleotide sequences in which evolutionary changes accumulate at a . . .

A

constant rate

17
Q

Molecular clocks are used to estimate how long ago two sequences or species . . .

A

diverged

18
Q

_________ ______ need to be calibrated with other independent evidences.

A

molecular clocks

19
Q

_________ _____ can be constructed based on the number of amino acid changes observed for a given protein and the minimal mutational distance between the genes encoding that protein in any two species

A

Phylogenetic trees

20
Q

In phylogenetic trees, _____ represent the different organisms being compared

A

nodes

21
Q

In phylogenetic trees, _______ nodes represent organisms for which data have been obtained

A

terminal

22
Q

In phylogenetic trees, _______ nodes represent common ancestors that existed before divergence between organisms took place

A

internal

23
Q

In most cases, internal nodes of phylogenetic trees represent past ancestors that are _______

A

inferred (guessed)

24
Q

_________ - When the two populations become reproductively isolated, they have become different species.

A

speciation

25
Q

_______ - A group of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding populations that is reproductively isolated in nature form all other such groups.

A

species

26
Q

Problems with definition of _______

1) Most prokaryotes reproduce asexually.
2) Many plants, although recognized as distinct species, easily hybridize.
3) Horizontal gene transfer.

A

speciation

27
Q

_______ speciation: Evolution of reproductive barriers in populations that are prevented by a geographical barrier from exchanging genes.

A

allopatric

28
Q

________ speciation: Evolution of reproductive barriers within a single initially randomly mating population

A

Sympatric

29
Q

How much genetic difference is needed for speciation?

A

Technically can’t interbreed.

Closely related species just need a bit of genetic difference

30
Q

___zyygotic reproduction isolating mechanism - prevents gametes from forming a hybrid gamete

A

pre

31
Q

___zyygotic reproduction isolating mechanism - a zygote forms, but no hybrid gamete is actually produced

A

post

32
Q

ecological, behavioral, temporal, mechanical, gametic are all examples of ___zygotic reproduction isolating mechanisms

A

pre

33
Q

evolutionary history is studied via what type of characteristics . . .

A

homologous

34
Q

_________ - evolutionary relationships among organisms

A

phylogeny

35
Q

________ - if one interior node in a phylogenetic tree represents a common ancestor to all other nodes

A

rooted

Genetics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions