241 - 37, 38 Cancer Genetics

Question 1

Most cancers result from _______ cell mutations

Answer 1

somatic

Question 2

Cancer cell shared properties:

• __________ cell proliferation
• __________ spread

Answer 2

uncontrolled

metastatic

Question 3

All cancer cells in primary and secondary tumors are ______, meaning that they originated from a common ancestral cell that accumulated numerous specific mutations.

Answer 3

clonal

Question 4

____-related cancer is an indication that cancer develops from the accumulation of several mutagenic events.

Answer 4

age

Question 5

The multistep nature of cancer development is supported by the observation that cancers often develop in _______ steps

Answer 5

progressive

Question 6

________ cancer is a good example that cancers develop in progressive steps

Answer 6

cervical

Question 7

Cancer cells contain genetic defects affecting genomic _______ and DNA ______

Answer 7

stability; reapir

Question 8

The high level of genomic instability in cancer cells is known as the ________ phenotype

Answer 8

mutator

Question 9

translocations, aneuploidy, chromosome loss, DNA amplification, and chromosomal deletion are examples of the genomic _______ caused by cancer

Answer 9

instability

Question 10

Cancer cells contain genetic defects affecting ____ ______ regulation

Answer 10

cell cycle

Question 11

Cell cycle

Answer 11

G0-G1-S-G2-M

Question 12

cell cycles do not enter which cell cycle phase, why?

Answer 12

G0, that’s where cell stop proliferating

Question 13

Cancer cells often have defects in _______ ________ pathways, which is why they do not enter which cell cycle phase. . .

Answer 13

signal transduction; G0

Question 14

Regulation of cell cycle progress is mediated by ______ and _____-________ ______ (____s).

Answer 14

cycilin and cylcin-dependent kinases

Question 15

Cells halt progress through the cell cycle if DNA replication, repair, or chromosome assembly is _________

Answer 15

aberrant

Question 16

A series of proteases called _______ are responsible for initiating apoptosis and for digesting intracellular components.

Answer 16

capases

Question 17

cyclin-dependent kinases do what?

Answer 17

regulate cell cycle

Question 18

Most inherited cancer-susceptibility genes ARE / ARE NOT sufficient in themselves to trigger cancer development

Answer 18

are not

Question 19

Mutations in other genes are also usually _______ to fully express the cancer phenotype.

Answer 19

necessary

Question 20

Most animal viruses that cause cancer are _________

Answer 20

retroviruses

Question 21

A retrovirus can cause cancer by integrating near or integrating a copy of of this into its genome . . .

Answer 21

a proto-oncogene

Question 22

The _____ oncogene may be mutated or expressed at abnormal levels.

Answer 22

viral

Question 23

. . . are genes whose products promote cell growth and division

Answer 23

proto-oncogenes

Question 24

. . . is a proto-oncogene that is mutated or aberrantly expressed and contributes to the development of cancer

Answer 24

oncogene

Question 25

proto-oncogene vs oncogene

Answer 25

proto-oncogene - promote cell growth and division | oncogene - mutated to overexpress

Question 26

The products of . . . genes normally regulate cell cycle checkpoints and initiate the process of apoptosis

Answer 26

tumor suppressor

Question 27

cyclin ___ and __ are proto-oncogenes that act at what cell cycle junction

Answer 27

D1 and E; G1-S

Question 28

___ genes encode signal transduction molecules that regulate cell growth and division

Answer 28

ras

Question 29

how do mutations that convert ras proto-oncogenes to oncogenes work?

Answer 29

freeze in active conformation, causing constant division

Question 30

Cells lacking ____ are unable to arrest at cell cycle checkpoints or enter apoptosis in response to DNA damage

Answer 30

p53

Question 31

retinoblastoma protein (pRB) is a . . . protein

Answer 31

tumor suppressor

Question 32

retinoblastoma protein (pRB) controls the __/__ cycle checkpoint

Answer 32

G1-S

Question 33

oncogenes vs tumor supressor genes | - regulation of cell growth

Answer 33

oncogenes: POSITIVE regulation TS: NEGATIVE regulator

Question 34

oncogenes vs tumor supressor genes | - regulation of cell growth

Answer 34

oncogenes: POSITIVE regulation TS: NEGATIVE regulator

Question 35

oncogenes vs tumor supressor genes | - ACTIVE VS INACTIVE forms promotion of malignancy

Answer 35

oncogenes: ACTIVE promote TS: INACTIVE promote

Question 36

oncogenes vs tumor supressor genes | - mutated form dominant vs recessive

Answer 36

oncogenes: mutant is DOMINANT TS: mutant is RECESSIVE

Question 37

____ is mutated in 40% of human | tumors.

Answer 37

Ras

Question 38

___ genes encode signal transduction molecules that regulate cell growth and division.

Answer 38

ras

Question 39

In cancer cells, what changes in Ras

Answer 39

unregulated

Question 40

The _________ protein (pRB) is a tumor suppressor protein

Answer 40

retinoblastoma

Question 41

Loss or mutation of the | ____ tumor suppressor gene contributes to unregulated progression through the cell cycle.

Answer 41

RB1 (retinoblastoma protein 1)

Question 42

Mutations in other genes are also usually necessary to fully express the cancer phenotype. An example is the development of . . .

Answer 42

familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

Question 43

Mutations in other genes are also usually necessary to fully express the cancer phenotype. An example is the development of . . .

Answer 43

familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

Question 44

______ contribute to Cancer in Both Humans and Animals

Answer 44

viruses

Question 45

Most animal viruses that cause cancer are _______

Answer 45

retroviruses

Question 46

A retrovirus can cause cancer by integrating ____ a proto-oncogene or by integrating a copy of a host proto-oncogene _______(where?)

Answer 46

near; its genome

Question 47

retrovirus infects a cell and inserts a ________ near a strong viral promoter

Answer 47

provirus

Question 48

a provirus (inserted by a retrovirus) causes a promoter to stimulate over-expression of a . . .

Answer 48

proto-oncogene

Question 49

v-onc stands for

Answer 49

oncovirus (viral oncogene)

Question 50

differences between c-onc and v-onc: | - introns?

Answer 50

c-onc - introns | v-onc - no introns

Question 51

c-onc stands for

Answer 51

cellular oncogene

Question 52

differences between c-onc and v-onc: | - active state

Answer 52

c-onc - encode proteins in active or inactive state | v-onc - encode proteins in active or inactive state

Question 53

_______-________ transition: means by which transformed epithelial cells invade

Answer 53

epithelial-mesenchymal

Question 54

Any substance or event that damages DNA has the potential to be _______ if it causes mutations to occur in proto- oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes

Answer 54

carcinogenic

Question 55

carcinogenic means...

Answer 55

causes cancer

Question 56

________ include chemicals, radiation, some viruses, and chronic infections.

Answer 56

carcinogens