Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genetics > 241 - 37, 38 Cancer Genetics > Flashcards

241 - 37, 38 Cancer Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Most cancers result from _______ cell mutations

A

somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cancer cell shared properties:

  • __________ cell proliferation
  • __________ spread
A

uncontrolled

metastatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

All cancer cells in primary and secondary tumors are ______, meaning that they originated from a common ancestral cell that accumulated numerous specific mutations.

A

clonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____-related cancer is an indication that cancer develops from the accumulation of several mutagenic events.

A

age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The multistep nature of cancer development is supported by the observation that cancers often develop in _______ steps

A

progressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

________ cancer is a good example that cancers develop in progressive steps

A

cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cancer cells contain genetic defects affecting genomic _______ and DNA ______

A

stability; reapir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The high level of genomic instability in cancer cells is known as the ________ phenotype

A

mutator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

translocations, aneuploidy, chromosome loss, DNA amplification, and chromosomal deletion are examples of the genomic _______ caused by cancer

A

instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cancer cells contain genetic defects affecting ____ ______ regulation

A

cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cell cycle

A

G0-G1-S-G2-M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cell cycles do not enter which cell cycle phase, why?

A

G0, that’s where cell stop proliferating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cancer cells often have defects in _______ ________ pathways, which is why they do not enter which cell cycle phase. . .

A

signal transduction; G0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Regulation of cell cycle progress is mediated by ______ and _____-________ ______ (____s).

A

cycilin and cylcin-dependent kinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cells halt progress through the cell cycle if DNA replication, repair, or chromosome assembly is _________

A

aberrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A series of proteases called _______ are responsible for initiating apoptosis and for digesting intracellular components.

A

capases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cyclin-dependent kinases do what?

A

regulate cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most inherited cancer-susceptibility genes ARE / ARE NOT sufficient in themselves to trigger cancer development

A

are not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mutations in other genes are also usually _______ to fully express the cancer phenotype.

A

necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most animal viruses that cause cancer are _________

A

retroviruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A retrovirus can cause cancer by integrating near or integrating a copy of of this into its genome . . .

A

a proto-oncogene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The _____ oncogene may be mutated or expressed at abnormal levels.

A

viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

. . . are genes whose products promote cell growth and division

A

proto-oncogenes

24
Q

. . . is a proto-oncogene that is mutated or aberrantly expressed and contributes to the development of cancer

A

oncogene

25
Q

proto-oncogene vs oncogene

A

proto-oncogene - promote cell growth and division

oncogene - mutated to overexpress

26
Q

The products of . . . genes normally regulate cell cycle checkpoints
and initiate the process of apoptosis

A

tumor suppressor

27
Q

cyclin ___ and __ are proto-oncogenes that act at what cell cycle junction

A

D1 and E; G1-S

28
Q

___ genes encode signal transduction molecules that regulate cell growth and division

A

ras

29
Q

how do mutations that convert ras proto-oncogenes to oncogenes work?

A

freeze in active conformation, causing constant division

30
Q

Cells lacking ____ are unable to arrest at cell cycle checkpoints or enter apoptosis in response to DNA damage

A

p53

31
Q

retinoblastoma protein (pRB) is a . . . protein

A

tumor suppressor

32
Q

retinoblastoma protein (pRB) controls the __/__ cycle checkpoint

A

G1-S

33
Q

oncogenes vs tumor supressor genes

- regulation of cell growth

A

oncogenes: POSITIVE regulation
TS: NEGATIVE regulator

34
Q

oncogenes vs tumor supressor genes

- regulation of cell growth

A

oncogenes: POSITIVE regulation
TS: NEGATIVE regulator

35
Q

oncogenes vs tumor supressor genes

- ACTIVE VS INACTIVE forms promotion of malignancy

A

oncogenes: ACTIVE promote
TS: INACTIVE promote

36
Q

oncogenes vs tumor supressor genes

- mutated form dominant vs recessive

A

oncogenes: mutant is DOMINANT
TS: mutant is RECESSIVE

37
Q

____ is mutated in 40% of human

tumors.

A

Ras

38
Q

___ genes encode signal transduction molecules that regulate cell growth and division.

A

ras

39
Q

In cancer cells, what changes in Ras

A

unregulated

40
Q

The _________ protein (pRB) is a tumor suppressor protein

A

retinoblastoma

41
Q

Loss or mutation of the

____ tumor suppressor gene contributes to unregulated progression through the cell cycle.

A

RB1 (retinoblastoma protein 1)

42
Q

Mutations in other genes are also usually necessary to fully express the cancer phenotype. An example is the development of . . .

A

familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

43
Q

Mutations in other genes are also usually necessary to fully express the cancer phenotype. An example is the development of . . .

A

familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

44
Q

______ contribute to Cancer in Both Humans and Animals

A

viruses

45
Q

Most animal viruses that cause cancer are _______

A

retroviruses

46
Q

A retrovirus can cause cancer by integrating ____ a proto-oncogene or by integrating a copy of a host proto-oncogene _______(where?)

A

near; its genome

47
Q

retrovirus infects a cell and inserts a ________ near a strong viral promoter

A

provirus

48
Q

a provirus (inserted by a retrovirus) causes a promoter to stimulate over-expression of a . . .

A

proto-oncogene

49
Q

v-onc stands for

A

oncovirus (viral oncogene)

50
Q

differences between c-onc and v-onc:

- introns?

A

c-onc - introns

v-onc - no introns

51
Q

c-onc stands for

A

cellular oncogene

52
Q

differences between c-onc and v-onc:

- active state

A

c-onc - encode proteins in active or inactive state

v-onc - encode proteins in active or inactive state

53
Q

_______-________ transition: means by which transformed epithelial cells invade

A

epithelial-mesenchymal

54
Q

Any substance or event that damages DNA has the potential to be _______ if it causes mutations to occur in proto- oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes

A

carcinogenic

55
Q

carcinogenic means…

A

causes cancer

56
Q

________ include chemicals, radiation, some viruses, and chronic infections.

A

carcinogens

Genetics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions