241 - Cancer Genetics 2

Question 1

_______ - cancer localized to one tissue

Answer 1

benign

Question 2

________ - cancer that invades new tissues

Answer 2

malignant

Question 3

_______ (name) determined cancer is multistep mutations by retinoblastoma analysis of predisposition

Answer 3

Knudson

Question 4

_______ ________ - cancer cells acquiring more mutations allowing them to become increasingly aggressive

Answer 4

clonal evolution

Question 5

oncogenes are affected by DOMINANT / RECESSIVE mutations

Answer 5

dominant

Question 6

tumor suppressor genes are affected by DOMINANT / RECESSIVE mutations

Answer 6

recessive

Question 7

______________ - appearance of a trait in a heterozygous individual that’s normally homozygous recessive, accelerates cancer development

Answer 7

haploinsuficiency

Question 8

_______ _________ is an example of a haploinsufficiency (heterozygous trait acting homozygous)

Answer 8

Bloom syndrome

Question 9

Exaplain the G1-S checkpoint (RB protein, E2F, CDK-D, CDK-E)

Answer 9

RB protein attached to E2F is phosphorylated by CDK-D, CDK-E, E2F is released and binds as a promoter. gene transcription occurs

Question 10

Exaplain the G2-M checkpoint (MPF, CDK-B)

Answer 10

MPF is DEphosphorylated by CDK-B to become active. It phosphorylates proteins, promoting mitosis

Question 11

Exaplain the spindle assembly checkpoint at M (MPF, CDK-B)

Answer 11

CDK-B destruction is blocked, keeping MPF active, mitosis stage persists until spindle fiber assembly completes

Question 12

MPF stands for . . .

Answer 12

mitosis promoting factor

Question 13

significance of p53

Answer 13

initiates apoptosis (inactive in some cancer)

Question 14

_______-_________ pathway - external signal causes cascade of intracellular reactions to produce a response

Answer 14

signal-transduction

Question 15

give an example of a signal-transduction pathway

Answer 15

growth factor activating GTP, leads transcription

Question 16

Explain the Ras signal-transduction pathway (Ras, GDP, GTP, growth factor, transmembrane receptor, adaptor molecules, Raf, MEK, MAP, nucleus, transcription factor)

Answer 16

growth factor binds a transmembrane receptor, causing phosphorylation and attachment of adaptor molecules. These cause GTP exchange for GDP which activates Raf, which activates MEK, which activates MAP, which enters the nucleus and creates transcription factors

Question 17

mutation rate in cells influenced by (2)

Answer 17

error rate in replication

efficiency of error correction

Question 18

mutation of telomerase causes . . .

Answer 18

over-expression, leading to unlimited cell division

Question 19

__RNA is a cancer indicator if its overexpressed

Answer 19

mi

Question 20

a ________ in a chromosome causes knock out of tumor suppressor gene

Answer 20

deletion

Question 21

a ________ or ________ in a chromosome causes fusion proteins, breaks in tumor suppressor genes, movement of genes

Answer 21

inversion or mutation

Question 22

human papilloma and hepatitis B are examples of _______ causing cancer

Answer 22

viruses

Question 23

2 ways that viruses promote cancer

Answer 23

• mutation of a proto-oncogene

- insertion of strong promoter by a proto-oncogene

Question 24

______methylation of DNA cause suppression of tumor suppressor genes

Answer 24

hyper

Question 25

an ________ process is a reversible genetic alteration

Answer 25

epigenetic