241 - 33, Developmental Genetics I Flashcards
_________ _______ investigates how complex structures are generated from un- patterned and undifferentiated cells.
developmental biology
________ approach gives details descriptions of tissue and organ formations
as the organisms develop.
anatomical
_________ _________ uses transplantation to juxtapose cell populations of
different sources
experimental embryology
__________ _______ is useful in defining when cells are “committed” to a
specific fate.
experimental embryology
________ approach identifies mutants (and genes) disrupting the formation of
various structures.
genetic
The elucidation of the ____ functions will then provide insights into the mechanisms for the development of these structures.
gene
______ tracing experiments allow investigators to determine which population of embryonic cells can give rise to particular adult structures.
lineage
Classify the following for their lineage:
- C elegans
- photoreceptor drosophila eye
- C elegans - invariant lineage
- photoreceptor drosophila eye - no lineage restriction
To perform ______ analysis, mitotic recombination is used to generate patches of homozygous mutant cells in otherwise wild type animals.
mosaic
animals contain populations of cells of at least two different genotypes are _______
mosaic
If the genotype reflects phenotype in a genetic mosaic experiment, then the gene function is . . .
cell-autonomous
If the phenotype does not correspond to its genotype, this indicates that the gene function is . . .
non-cell-autonomous
mutations in genes that function as receptors are usually . . .
cell-autonomous
utations in genes that function as ligand are usually . . .
non-cell-autonomous
____ _________ describes the commitment of cells to a specific fate
Cell determination
_________ – the cells adopt the fate destined for cells at the new location
undetermined
_________ – the cells adopt the fate destined for cells at the original location
determined
_______ ______ gene has the ability to initiate the complete development of an organ or tissue
master switch
Expression of eyeless in other tissue (for example, the leg disc) can ______ the formation of an ectopic eye (example of ______ ____ _____)
initiate; master switch gene
Drosophila eyeless is a ______ _____ gene
master switch
Conservation of developmental processes in evolution (____-____)
evol-devel
disruption of Pax6 function in human and in mice also affect eye formation. This suggests that the role of ____ in eye development is _______ across species.
Pax6; conserved
________ ____ ______ describes a process of generating two distinct daughter cells from one single cell division
Asymmetric cell division
common example of asymmetric cell division
stem cells
______ pathways utilize diffused molecules, and can signal from long distance.
paracrine
________ pathways utilize anchored or transmembrane molecules, and have a
short-range signaling capability.
Juxtacrine
initial specification of neuronal cells during insect embryogenesis is an example of _______ _________
lateral inhibition
once a cell is “selected” to become a neuron, this cell sends inhibitory signals to the neighboring cells to prevent them from becoming neurons - called ______ _________
lateral inhibition
Notch pathway is a ________ pathway
juxtacrine
epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an example of _____ ______ _____ pathway
receptor tyrosine kinase
C elegans develops from an _______ lineage
invariant
if invariant lineage, then lineage relationships will be maintained by _____ clones
white
if variant lineage, there will be ___ relationships among cells in clone
no
C elegans has an _______ lineage
invariant
______ _______ - Generating animals that consist of populations of cells of at least two different genotypes.
mosaic analysis
_______ ________ allows determination of the function of a gene in specific tissues, even if homozygotes would be dead by this time in development.
mosaic analysis
which cells or tissues your gene is required in is determined in _______ ________
mosaic analysis
steps of mosaic analysis:
- use a _________ animal
- induce mitotic recombination by . . .
- formation of a _______ clone
heterozygous
x-ray
homozygous
genotype reflects phenotype - gene is cell . . .
autonomous
phenotype doesn’t correspond to genotype - gene is cell . . .
non-autonomous
________ is an example of cell . . .
non-autonomous
. . . have the ability to initiate the complete development of an organ or a tissue type.
master switch genes
the drosophila eyeless gene is an example of a . . .
master switch gene
Pax6 is a homolog of what in drosophila
eyeless
mechanism to make 2 daughter cells from one
1 - partition of _______ determinants
2 - cell-cell signaling with _______
intrinsic
surroundings
asymmetric cell division occurs in . . .
stem cells
in cell signaling, diffusion is ____crine
para
in cell signaling, direct contact is _____crine
juxta
___ genes encode signal
transduction molecules that regulate cell growth and division
ras
Production of R7?
R8: sev-
R7: sev+
1 R7
Production of R7?
R8: sev-
R7: sev-
no R7
Production of R7?
R8: Boss+
R7: Boss-
1 R7
Production of R7?
R8: Boss-
R7: Boss+
No R7
The anchor cells secretes _____ to cause vulva mutation
LIN-3
P_?? is activated by Lin-3 sent out by anchor cell to form the vulva
P5, P6, P7
P_?? is activated by Lin-3 sent out by anchor cell to form the _______
hypodermis
there are a SMALL / LARGE number of developmental mechanisms and signaling systems used in all multicellular organisms.
small
In C elegans vulva development, what will the phenotype be, if the anchor cell is ablated?
vulvaless
In C elegans vulva development, what is the expected phenotype of loss-of-function lin-3?
vulvaless
In C elegans vulva development, what is the expected phenotype if you over-express lin-3?
multivulva
In C elegans vulva development, what is the expected phenotype if you express a mutant let-60 with a mutation analogous to those of oncogenic Ras (let-60 is the worm ortholog of Ras)?
multivulva
predict the phenotype of the mosaic animal if the anchor cell is lin-3[-] and the vulva precursor cells (e.g. P5.p, P6.p, and P7.p) are wild-type.
vulvaless
the anchor cells is wild-type, and the vulva precursor cells are lin-3[-]. What will be the phenotype of this mosaic animal?
multivulva
what make C Elegans special in the study of developmental biology?
invariant lineage
when a protein needs a cell in order to function its
cell-autonomous
when a protein doesn’t need a cell in order to function its
non-cell-autonomous
Is insulin cell- / non-cell- autonomous? Why?
insulin is non-cell-autonomous
positional value versus master switch gene
- positional value causes influence on function in a local area (a leg piece moved to a wing causes claw development)
- master switch gene causes turn development on/off from anywhere
split in of a cell with a cytoplasmic determinant only going to one of the daughters
asymmetric cell division
lateral inhibition occurs via . . .
inductive signalling
common example of lateral inhibition (via inductive signaling)
notch pathway
Notch pathway description
delta protein attaches to notch, intracell notch is proteolytically cleaved and transported by Su(H) to the nucleus, altering gene expression
