241 - 36, Immunogenetics

Question 1

When the immune system detects a self-antigen, causes an ________ disease

Answer 1

autoimmune

Question 2

Immune function is carried out by specialized blood cells called _________, a type of white blood cell

Answer 2

lymphocytes

Question 3

Most immune responses can be grouped into two major classes: ______ immunity and ______ immunity

Answer 3

humoral; cellular

Question 4

_______ immunity centers on the production on antibodies by specialized lymphocytes called B cells, which mature in the bone marrow

Answer 4

humoral

Question 5

_________ are proteins that circulate in the blood and other body fluids, binding to specific antigens and marking them for destruction by phagocytotic cells.

Answer 5

antibodies

Question 6

______ immunity is conferred by T cells, which are specialized lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and respond only to antigens found on the surfaces of the body’s own cells.

Answer 6

cellular

Question 7

__ lymphocytes produce antibodies; __ lymphocytes respond to antigens on cells

Answer 7

B; T

Question 8

Immune system has the ability to recognize (HOW MANY?) foreign antigens

Answer 8

unlimited

Question 9

Each mature lymphocyte is genetically programmed to attack (HOW MANY?) foreign antigens

Answer 9

one

Question 10

there is a large pool of millions of different lymphocytes, each capable of binding only one antigen. When one of these lymphocytes encounters the foreign antigen and binds to it, that lymphocyte is stimulated to divide. The lymphocyte proliferates rapidly, producing a large population of of genetically identical cells (a clone). Called ______ ________

Answer 10

clonal selection

Question 11

antibodies also called ___________

Answer 11

immunoglobulins

Question 12

antibodies consist of __(#) polypeptide chains

Answer 12

4

Question 13

there are 2 ______ and 2 _____ polypeptide chains on each antibody

Answer 13

light; heavy

Question 14

Antibodies form a __-shaped structure

Answer 14

Y

Question 15

______ bonds link the two heavy chains in the stem of the Y

Answer 15

disulfide

Question 16

a _____ chain attaches to a heavy chain in each arm of the Y.

Answer 16

light

Question 17

Binding sites for antigens are where . . .

Answer 17

the ends of the branches of the Y

Question 18

In the maturation of a lymphocyte, the segments are joined together to create an _________ gene

Answer 18

immunoglobulin

Question 19

antibody genes are composed of ________

Answer 19

segments

Question 20

The particular copy of each segment in an antibody used is ______.

Answer 20

random

Question 21

For the light chain, a __ (______, 35 different ones in human) segment is joined to a __ (_____, 5 different ones in human) segment

Answer 21

v (variable); j (joining)

Question 22

______ _________ joins the v (variable) and j (joining) segments in a light chain

Answer 22

somatic recombination

Question 23

the heavy chain is joined by what segments . . .

Answer 23

v (variable), j (joining), d (diversity)

Question 24

Somatic recombination is brought about by _____ and _____ proteins

Answer 24

RAG1 and RAG2

Question 25

RAG1 and RAG2 (somatic recombination) generate . . . at specific nucleotide sequences that flank the V, D, and J gene segments.

Answer 25

double-strand breaks

Question 26

DNA _____ _______ join the ends of particular segments together after the double strand break (somatic recombination)

Answer 26

repair proteins

Question 27

all lymphocytes originate where in the body

Answer 27

bone marrow

Question 28

B & T cells come to maturity where in body?

Answer 28

B - bone marrow

T - thymus

Question 29

T vs B cell function

Answer 29

T - attack directly

B - produce antibodies

Question 30

each arm of the Y (light chain locus) contains one set of these 3 genes

Answer 30

V, J, C

Question 31

number of V, J, and C segment in germ-line DNA (light chain locus)

Answer 31

V = 30-35
J = 5
C = 1

Question 32

rearrangement of V, J, C requires . . . (2) (light chain locus)

Answer 32

RAG1 and RAG2

Question 33

in gene loci, V stands for . . . and C stands for . . . the J . . .

Answer 33

V - variable region
C - constant region
J - joins

Question 34

_______ immunity is in reference to B cells

Answer 34

humoral

Question 35

_______ immunity is in reference to T cells

Answer 35

cellular

Question 36

difference between primary and secondary immune response

Answer 36

primary - 1st attack a disease (clones made)

secondary - disease returns, memory cells in circulation, rapid response

Question 37

memory cells are found in PRIMARY / SECONDARY immune response

Answer 37

secondary

Question 38

the 2 heavy chains are linked and the light to the heavy chains are linked by . . .

Answer 38

disulfide bonds

Question 39

the immune response requires that T-cells bind to what 2 antigens . . .

Answer 39

foreign antigen and histocompatability antigen

Question 40

. . . . encode proteins that provide specific identity to the cells of each individual organism (ensures autoimmune response doesn’t happen)

Answer 40

major histocompatability complex (MHC)

Question 41

diversity of immunoglobins (antibodies) provided by (3)

Answer 41

somatic recombination
junctional diversity
hypermutation

Question 42

. . . - accelerated random mutation of the variable (V) gene, cause diversity of immunoglobins

Answer 42

hypermutation

Question 43

. . . - small deletions or insertions and frameshifts in the small antibody arm, causes diversity of immunoglobins

Answer 43

junctional diversity

Question 44

. . . - combination of different joining (J) and variable (V) regions in chromosomes, causes diversity of immunoglobins

Answer 44

somatic recombination