Random Flashcards
Right KIDNEY is Lower than the Left kidney
where does the upper pole of the Left Kidney lie?
where does the upper pole of the Right Kidney lie?
left: 11th RIB, closely related to the Spleen (below it)
Right: TRANSPYLORIC PLANE
KIDNEYS lie on a muscular wall composed of which 3 muscles?
the URETERS exit the hilum and pass Inferiorly on which muscle before crossing the Pelvic Brim (and common/external iliac artery)
- DIAPHRAGM, QUADRATUS LUMBORUM, TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS
- ureters pass PSOAS MAJOR
KIDNEY blood flow starting from AORTA -> RENAL ARTERY
and ending at RENAL VEIN -> IVC
renal artery
-> SEGMENTAL ARTERY (1 for each segment)
-> INTERLOBAR ARTERY (each renal column)
-> ARCUATE ARTERY (arches over base of pyramids)
-> CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERY (radiates out through cortex)
-> AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
-> GLOMERULUS
-> EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
-> PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES / VASA RECTA
-> CORTICAL RADIATE VEIN
-> ARCUATE VEIN
-> INTERLOBAR VEIN
-> renal vein
URETERS length:
URETHRA length female:
VAGINA length:
ureters: 25-30 cm
female urethra: 4cm
Vagina: 8cm
Arteries that supply URETERS
- RENAL artery
- GONADAL artery
- COMMON ILIAC artery
- INTERNAL ILIAC artery
- SUPERIOR VESICAL artery
- MIDDLE RECTAL artery
Bowman’s Capsule has Juxtaglomerular wall lined by PODOCYTES (foot proccess) that has tightly interdigitated PEDICELS with gaps for filtrate to pass through.
how big are the gaps?
25nm
- type of Epithelium in the
PCT:
Loop Of Henle Cortex:
Loop of Henle Medulla:
DCT:
Collecting Duct:
PCT: SIMPLE COLUMNAR
Loop Of Henle Cortex: CUBOIDAL (thick)
Loop of Henle Medulla: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS (thin)
DCT: CUBOIDAL
Collecting Duct: Columnar or cuboidal
JUGTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
there are 3 cell types that regulate nephron activity. MACULA DENSA (detect Na+, regulate GFR)
GRANULAR / JUXTAGLOMERULAR (secrete Renin)
EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS
where are they each
Macula Densa: DCT where comes close to renal corpuscle
Juxtaglomerular: AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
Mesangial: BETWEEN AFFERENT and EFFERENT ARTERIOLES, CENTRE of GLOMERULUS
which part of the NEPHRON has:
- Brush Border of Microvilli?
- cells that Secrete H+ ?
- abundant in Mitochondria?
- microvilli: PCT
(few in dct) - DCT secretes H+
- Mitochondria: PCT
Development of Kidney.
- where does Pronephros disappear? (ducts persist)
- when is Mesonephros functional from?
- when is Metanephros functional from?
- by 5th week pronephros disappears
- Mesonephros functional weeks 6-10
- Metanephros functional from week 9
BLADDER muscle lining internal walls is called:
- which Nerves cause it to contract
DETRUSOR MUSCLE
(none in the Trigone - smooth space between 3 openings)
- PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES (S2-S4) (parasympathetic)
INTERNAL Urethral Sphincter is Smooth Muscle (involuntary) under what NS control and which nerves keep it closed?
EXTERNAL Urethral Sphincter is Skeletal Muscle (voluntary) under what NS control and which nerve?
Internal: Autonomic Nervous System
- SYMPATHETIC stimulation
via *HYPOGASTRIC NERVES
(parasympathetic will relax to open)
External: Somatic nervous system
- PUDENDAL NERVE
PARASYMPATHETIC Nerves originate where?
which nerves
SYMPATHETIC Nerves originate where?
which nerves
SOMATIC Nerves are where?
which nerves
Parasympathetic nerves originate S2-S4
- travel to bladder in PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES
Sympathetic nerves originate L1-L2 (L3)
- travel via HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUSES
Somatic nerves are S2-S4
- PUDENDAL
70% of SEMINAL FLUID comes from the Seminal Vesicle and 25% from Prostate.
what are its characteristics and why
- ZINC RICH : Stabilise DNA
- NUTRITIVE to SPERMATOZOA
- ALKALINE to neutralise Vaginal pH
- Gonads are originally at what before they are pulled down?
- they are connected to the Labioscrotal Swelling by what? regression of this is what pulls them down.
- Remnant of this exists as what?
- L1 originally
- GUBERNACULUM
- gubernaculum remnant: ROUND LIGAMENT of UTERUS and OVERY
Pelvic Inlet pathway:
(35-50 degree angle)
Pelvic Outlet pathway
inlet:
- promontory of SACRUM
- arcuate line of ILEUM
- ILEOPECTINAL Line
- posterior surface PUBIC CREST
outlet:
- ISCHIOPUBIC RAMUS
- ISCHIAL TUBEROSITIES
- SACROTUBERAL LIGAMENTS
- distal SACRUM
Pelvic sub-pubic arch Angle in
females:
males:
females: 80-85 DEGEES
males: 50-60 DEGREES
Pelvic sub-pubic arch Angle in
females:
males:
females: 80-85 DEGEES
(oval shape)
males: 50-60 DEGREES
(heart shape)
ERECTION caused by which nervous system?
which nerves?
PARASYMPATHETIC Fibres (Ventral Rami)
- Vasodilation of arteries (relax)
(Cavernous, Bulbourethral and Circumflex arteries)
PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES* S2-S4
Testes CREMASTER muscle is innervated by which nerves
GENITOFEMORAL NERVE L1-L2
SCROTUM Layers
S - SKIN
D - DARTOS and SMOOTH MUSCLE
E - EXTERNAL SPERMATIC FASCIA
C - CREMASTER MUSCLE and FASCIA
I - INTERNAL SPERMATIC FASCIA
T - TUNICA VAGINALIS (parietal and visceral layers)
Urogenital and Anal Triangle are separated by what
ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY
(ug : pubic symphysis
anal: coccyx)
Puborectalis forms a sling around the Perineal flexure (junction between Rectum and Anus). what Angle does it create to prevent Defactation
80 DEGREE ANGLE
- Relax muscle: increase angle for defacation
anteriorly the Labia Minora bifurcate and the medial portions fuse to form the…
lateral folds form the…
- FRENULUM of the Clitoris (joins the Glans Clitoris)
- lateral folds: PREPUCE of the Clitoris
space Inferior to the Pelvic Floor:
PERINEUM
what are the Glands of Montgomery?
where are they found?
what do they do?
SEBACEOUS GLANDS found in the AREOLA (coloured area around the nipple - due to melanocytes) with sweat glands
- secrete SEBUM (oily secretions) to LUBRICATE the nipple, keep it supple, and help Latching
what is Polymastia, Polythelia, Amastia, Amazia
Polymastia: NUMEROUS BREASTS
Polythelia: NUMEROUS NIPPLES
Amastia: NO BREAST TISSUE
Amazia: ONLY NIPPLE development (no mammary glands)
where is Milk produced in the BREAST?
How is it secreted?
which Hormones Inhibit milk production?
when/why is Inhibition of prolactin lifted?
- in LACTOCYTES - CUBOIDAL cells Lining the ALVEOLI
- Suckling stimulates
PROLACTIN stimulates Lactocytes to produce milk
OXYTOCIN is secreted from Posterior Pituitary and stimulates MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS surrounding the Lactocytes to CONTRACT
-> Milk squeezed out of alveoli, through Lactiferous Ducts and pooled in Lactiferous Sinus - OESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE and other PLACENTAL Hormones INHIBIT PROLACTIN and milk-synthesis in PREGNANCY
- INHIBITION LIFTED after birth of placenta and due to RAPID FALL fall in OESTROGEN