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UROGENITAL > 10 Female reproductive System > Flashcards

10 Female reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what is OOGENESIS

A

the FORMATION and MATURATION of OVA from UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS in the ovary

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2
Q

what happens to the CORPUS LUTEUM after it releases the ovum/secondary oocyte if NO FERTILISATION

A

DEGENERATES into CORPUS ALBICANS

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3
Q

what does the OVARY develop from

A

MESONEPHROS
and GONADAL RIDGE

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4
Q

what are OVARIES attached (loosely) to

A
  • ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL by suspensory ligament
  • UTERUS by ovarian ligament
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5
Q

what do OVARIES CONTAIN

A
  • STROMA
  • OOCYTES
  • FOLLICULAR CELLS
  • GRANULOSA CELLS
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6
Q

difference between OVARIAN and TESTICULAR function

A

OVARY: very few oocytes released
Testicles: millions sperm released

Ovary: release EPISODICALLY at OVULATION
Testicle: continuous stream

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7
Q

which HORMONE DOMINATES PRE-OVULATION

A

OESTROGEN

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8
Q

which HORMONE DOMINATES POST-OVULATION

A

PROGESTERONE

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9
Q

how many PRIMARY OOCYTES develop in FETUS and how many SURVIVE and are present at birth

A

around 7 MILLION DEVELOPED

2 MILLION PRIMARY OOCYTES at BIRTH

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10
Q

how are PRIMARY OOCYTES / FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT until PUBERTY / menstruation

A

ARREST in PROPHASE I

(at menstruation, complete meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and first polar body. secondary oocyte arrest in metaphase II unless fertilised -> ovum and second polar body)

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11
Q

how are FOLLICLES at PERIMENOPAUSE (Around menopause)

A
  • LOW LEVELS
  • LESS RESPONSIVE to LH and FSH
    (so high levels LH and FSH)
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12
Q

What does PUBERTY trigger

A

REGULAR RECRUITMENT of PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES

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13
Q

what is OVULATION and MENSTRUATION regulated by

A

HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-OVARY AXIS
(HPO axis)

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14
Q

what is released from HYPOTHALAMUS (neurons) to release LH and FSH and from where

A

GnRH

GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE

to ANTERIOR PITUITARY (GONADOTROPHIN CELLS)

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15
Q

where are LH and FSH RELEASED from

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

  • GONADOTROPHIN CELLS
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16
Q

what do LH and FHS act on and what does this release

A

on OVARIES

release OESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE

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17
Q

what is GnRH RELEASE REGULATED by / in response to

A

OESTROGEN LEVELS

High oestrogen - less GnRH release (negative feedback)
Low oestrogen - more GnRH release (positive feedback)

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18
Q

what does FSH ACT ON and what does it cause PRODUCTION of

A

GRANULOSA CELLS of OVARY

PRODUCE OESTROGEN

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19
Q

what does FSH also stimulate ON GRANULOSA CELLS

A

LH RECEPTORS
- ON GRANULOSA CELLS

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20
Q

LH ACTS ON the …. to PRODUCE…

A

THECA CELLS of ovary

  • produce ANDROGENS
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21
Q

LH RECEPTORS on maturing ovarian follicle further promote..

A

OESTROGEN PRODUCTION

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22
Q

what PRECEDES OVULATION

(check for this to see if woman has ovulated)

A

LH SURGE

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23
Q

in the beginning of a cycle approx how many OOCYTES do you RECRUIT

A

20 per cycle

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24
Q

when PRIMARY OOCYTE becomes SECONDARY OOCYTE what happens

A
  • restart MEIOSIS I
  • DIPLOID (46) BECOMES HAPLOID (23)
  • Extrudes FIRST POLAR BODY (extra chromosomes)
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25
Q

how are THECA CELLS

A

SPINDLE SHAPED

around outside

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26
Q

how are GRANULOSA CELLS

A

Viscous Fluid

inside

27
Q

SECONDARY FOLLICLE (oocyte) (HAPLOID) starts MEIOSIS II PRIOR OVULATION but stops at..

A

METAPHASE II

only completes meiosis II when fertilised and extrudes second polar body

28
Q

what APPEAR as FOLLICLE goes from SECONDARY TO TERTIARY (before preovulatory stage)

(PREANTRAL to ANTRAL phase)

A

LH and FSH RECEPTORS APPEAR

29
Q

what are PREANTRAL and ANTRAL FOLLICLES (stages)

A

Preantral:
OOGONIA, PRIMORDIAL, PRIMARY, SECONDARY

Antral:
TERTIARY, PREOVULATORY

30
Q

ONLY … cells BIND LH

A

THECA CELLS

31
Q

ONLY … BIND FSH

A

GRANULOSA CELLS

32
Q

when stimulated by LH what do THECA CELLS PRODUCE

A

ANDROGENS (from acetate and cholesterol)

33
Q

when stimulated by FSH what can GRANULOSA CELLS do

A

AROMATIZE the ANDROGENS from theca cells

into OESTROGENS

34
Q

why does OVULATION REQUIRE LH SURGE

A

Expanding Secondary Follicles will DIE without LH surge

35
Q

when does LH SURGE OCCUR in relation to OVULATION

A

12-24 HOURS PRIOR

36
Q

final FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT to PREOVULATORY STAGE can be up to how big

A

25 mm

37
Q

what happens to GRANULOSA CELLS AFTER OVULATION

A

become GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS

which SYNTHESISE PROGESTERONE

lose their capacity to bind to Oestrogen and FSH

38
Q

after ovulation, Granulosa cells become GRUNLULOSA LUTEIN CELLS which PRODUCE..

A

PROGESTERONE

(cannot bind oestrogen and fsh)

39
Q

what happens at OVULATION (when releasing oocyte)

A
  • rapid change in SIZE
  • BULGE at ovarian surface
  • CONNECTIVE TISSUE BREAKS DOWN
  • FOLLICLE RUPTURES
  • FOLICULAR FLUID RELEASED
    OOCYTE and CUMULUS CELLS (granulosa cells that surround oocyte) extruded
40
Q

POST OVULATION
OVUM is captured by..

A

FIMBRIA

41
Q

POST OVULATION
what forms and what does it produce

A

CORPUS LUTEUM forms

  • produces PROGESTERONE to SUPPORT IMPLANTATION (and maintain itself and the pregnancy)
42
Q

at IMPLANTATION how are hormone levels

A

LH FALLS

hCG MAINTAINS PREGNANCY
(from syncytiotrophoblast)

43
Q

hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) is produced by

A

SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST

44
Q

what is LUTEINIZATION (following ovulation)

A

GRANULOSA CELLS HYPERTROPHY to from LARGE LUTEIN CELLS

45
Q

what is LUTEOLYSIS

A

DEGRADATION of CORPUS LUTEUM

(after 14 days)

46
Q

LESS THAN … % of FOLLICLES reach the stage of CORPUS LUTEUM

A

LESS THAN 0.1%

47
Q

FSH is a CRUCIAL HORMONE for…

A

FOLLICLE RECRUITMENT

(FOLLICULAR PHASE - first 14 days)

48
Q

LH is NECESSARY for..

A

FULLY FUNCTIONING FOLLICLES

49
Q

OESTROGEN SURGE from DOMINANT FOLLICLE encourages..

A

GROWTH / LH RECEPTORS

(for LH surge)

50
Q

Progesterone produced by CORPUS LUTEUM in which phase

(until placenta takes over)

A

LUTEAL PHASE

51
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE is how many days

A

21-35 days

(mean 28)

52
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE driven by CHANGES in the..

A

HPO AXIS

53
Q

MAIN HORMONES in MENTRUAL CYCLE

A

OESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE

54
Q

OVARIAN CYCLE consists of which phases

A

FOLLICULAR PHASE
LUTEAL PHASE (after ovulation - day 14)

55
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE (/uterine cycle) has which phases

A
  1. MENSES
    - 3-5 days period
  2. PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
    endometrium REGROWS (varies)
  3. SECRETORY PHASE
    endometrium THICKENS to receive conceptus
    14 DAYS (fixed)
    (after ovulation)
56
Q

OESTROGEN is what type of hormone

A

STEROID hormone

57
Q

3 MAJOR OESTROGENS in women:

A

OESTRADIOL
OESTRONE
OESTRIOL

  • varying levels and strengths

acts on wide variety of cells

58
Q

what does OESTROGEN PROMOTE

A
  • ENDOMETRIAL PROLIFERATION (prolferative phase)
  • secondary SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS (during pubity)
59
Q

what type of hormone is PROGESTERONE

A

(progestogen) ANDROGEN STEROID hormone

has multiple functions (endocrine, fertility, menstrual, neuro)
synergistic effect with oestrogen

60
Q

in PREGNANCY what is PROGESTERONE produced by (takes over after Corpus Luteum)

A

PLACENTA

61
Q

when are there HIGH LEVELS of PROGESTERONE

A

SECRETORY PHASE of Menstrual Cycle

  • promotes ENDOMETRIAL DEVELOPMENT

(after ovulation)

62
Q

CERVICAL CHANGES by OESTROGEN and why it does this

A

makes CERVICAL MUCUS THIN & WATER
& LOTS of it

  • AID MIGRATION of SPERM through cervical Os
  • ‘ferning’
63
Q

CERVICAL CHNAGES by PROGESTERONE and why

A

makes CERVICAL MUCUS THICKER forming a PLUG

  • PREVENT BACTERIA entering uterus
  • MAINTAINING PREGNANCY
64
Q

can the SECRETORY PHASE vary in length

A

NO
- FIXED 14 DAYS

UROGENITAL (19 decks)

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