10 Female reproductive System Flashcards by Ibby Khan

what is OOGENESIS

the FORMATION and MATURATION of OVA from UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS in the ovary

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what happens to the CORPUS LUTEUM after it releases the ovum/secondary oocyte if NO FERTILISATION

DEGENERATES into CORPUS ALBICANS

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what does the OVARY develop from

MESONEPHROS
and GONADAL RIDGE

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what are OVARIES attached (loosely) to

ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL by suspensory ligament
UTERUS by ovarian ligament

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what do OVARIES CONTAIN

STROMA
OOCYTES
FOLLICULAR CELLS
GRANULOSA CELLS

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difference between OVARIAN and TESTICULAR function

OVARY: very few oocytes released
Testicles: millions sperm released

Ovary: release EPISODICALLY at OVULATION
Testicle: continuous stream

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which HORMONE DOMINATES PRE-OVULATION

OESTROGEN

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which HORMONE DOMINATES POST-OVULATION

PROGESTERONE

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how many PRIMARY OOCYTES develop in FETUS and how many SURVIVE and are present at birth

around 7 MILLION DEVELOPED

2 MILLION PRIMARY OOCYTES at BIRTH

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how are PRIMARY OOCYTES / FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT until PUBERTY / menstruation

ARREST in PROPHASE I

(at menstruation, complete meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and first polar body. secondary oocyte arrest in metaphase II unless fertilised -> ovum and second polar body)

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how are FOLLICLES at PERIMENOPAUSE (Around menopause)

LOW LEVELS
LESS RESPONSIVE to LH and FSH
(so high levels LH and FSH)

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What does PUBERTY trigger

REGULAR RECRUITMENT of PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES

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what is OVULATION and MENSTRUATION regulated by

HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-OVARY AXIS
(HPO axis)

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what is released from HYPOTHALAMUS (neurons) to release LH and FSH and from where

GnRH

GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE

to ANTERIOR PITUITARY (GONADOTROPHIN CELLS)

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where are LH and FSH RELEASED from

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

GONADOTROPHIN CELLS

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what do LH and FHS act on and what does this release

on OVARIES

release OESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE

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what is GnRH RELEASE REGULATED by / in response to

OESTROGEN LEVELS

High oestrogen - less GnRH release (negative feedback)
Low oestrogen - more GnRH release (positive feedback)

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what does FSH ACT ON and what does it cause PRODUCTION of

GRANULOSA CELLS of OVARY

PRODUCE OESTROGEN

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what does FSH also stimulate ON GRANULOSA CELLS

LH RECEPTORS
- ON GRANULOSA CELLS

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LH ACTS ON the …. to PRODUCE…

THECA CELLS of ovary

produce ANDROGENS

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LH RECEPTORS on maturing ovarian follicle further promote..

OESTROGEN PRODUCTION

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what PRECEDES OVULATION

(check for this to see if woman has ovulated)

LH SURGE

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in the beginning of a cycle approx how many OOCYTES do you RECRUIT

20 per cycle

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when PRIMARY OOCYTE becomes SECONDARY OOCYTE what happens

restart MEIOSIS I
DIPLOID (46) BECOMES HAPLOID (23)
Extrudes FIRST POLAR BODY (extra chromosomes)

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how are THECA CELLS

SPINDLE SHAPED around outside

how are GRANULOSA CELLS

Viscous Fluid inside

SECONDARY FOLLICLE (oocyte) (HAPLOID) starts MEIOSIS II PRIOR OVULATION but stops at..

METAPHASE II only completes meiosis II when fertilised and extrudes second polar body

what APPEAR as FOLLICLE goes from SECONDARY TO TERTIARY (before preovulatory stage) (PREANTRAL to ANTRAL phase)

LH and FSH RECEPTORS APPEAR

what are PREANTRAL and ANTRAL FOLLICLES (stages)

Preantral: OOGONIA, PRIMORDIAL, PRIMARY, SECONDARY Antral: TERTIARY, PREOVULATORY

ONLY ... cells BIND LH

THECA CELLS

ONLY ... BIND FSH

GRANULOSA CELLS

when stimulated by LH what do THECA CELLS PRODUCE

ANDROGENS (from acetate and cholesterol)

when stimulated by FSH what can GRANULOSA CELLS do

AROMATIZE the ANDROGENS from theca cells into OESTROGENS

why does OVULATION REQUIRE LH SURGE

Expanding Secondary Follicles will DIE without LH surge

when does LH SURGE OCCUR in relation to OVULATION

12-24 HOURS PRIOR

final FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT to PREOVULATORY STAGE can be up to how big

25 mm

what happens to GRANULOSA CELLS AFTER OVULATION

become GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS which SYNTHESISE PROGESTERONE lose their capacity to bind to Oestrogen and FSH

after ovulation, Granulosa cells become GRUNLULOSA LUTEIN CELLS which PRODUCE..

PROGESTERONE (cannot bind oestrogen and fsh)

what happens at OVULATION (when releasing oocyte)

- rapid change in SIZE - BULGE at ovarian surface - CONNECTIVE TISSUE BREAKS DOWN - FOLLICLE RUPTURES - FOLICULAR FLUID RELEASED OOCYTE and CUMULUS CELLS (granulosa cells that surround oocyte) extruded

POST OVULATION OVUM is captured by..

FIMBRIA

POST OVULATION what forms and what does it produce

CORPUS LUTEUM forms - produces PROGESTERONE to SUPPORT IMPLANTATION (and maintain itself and the pregnancy)

at IMPLANTATION how are hormone levels

LH FALLS hCG MAINTAINS PREGNANCY (from syncytiotrophoblast)

hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) is produced by

SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST

what is LUTEINIZATION (following ovulation)

GRANULOSA CELLS HYPERTROPHY to from LARGE LUTEIN CELLS

what is LUTEOLYSIS

DEGRADATION of CORPUS LUTEUM (after 14 days)

LESS THAN ... % of FOLLICLES reach the stage of CORPUS LUTEUM

LESS THAN 0.1%

FSH is a CRUCIAL HORMONE for...

FOLLICLE RECRUITMENT (FOLLICULAR PHASE - first 14 days)

LH is NECESSARY for..

FULLY FUNCTIONING FOLLICLES

OESTROGEN SURGE from DOMINANT FOLLICLE encourages..

GROWTH / LH RECEPTORS (for LH surge)

Progesterone produced by CORPUS LUTEUM in which phase (until placenta takes over)

LUTEAL PHASE

MENSTRUAL CYCLE is how many days

21-35 days (mean 28)

MENSTRUAL CYCLE driven by CHANGES in the..

HPO AXIS

MAIN HORMONES in MENTRUAL CYCLE

OESTROGEN PROGESTERONE

OVARIAN CYCLE consists of which phases

FOLLICULAR PHASE LUTEAL PHASE (after ovulation - day 14)

MENSTRUAL CYCLE (/uterine cycle) has which phases

1. MENSES - 3-5 days period 2. PROLIFERATIVE PHASE endometrium REGROWS (varies) 3. SECRETORY PHASE endometrium THICKENS to receive conceptus 14 DAYS (fixed) (after ovulation)

OESTROGEN is what type of hormone

STEROID hormone

3 MAJOR OESTROGENS in women:

OESTRADIOL OESTRONE OESTRIOL - varying levels and strengths acts on wide variety of cells

what does OESTROGEN PROMOTE

- ENDOMETRIAL PROLIFERATION (prolferative phase) - secondary SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS (during pubity)

what type of hormone is PROGESTERONE

(progestogen) ANDROGEN STEROID hormone has multiple functions (endocrine, fertility, menstrual, neuro) synergistic effect with oestrogen

in PREGNANCY what is PROGESTERONE produced by (takes over after Corpus Luteum)

PLACENTA

when are there HIGH LEVELS of PROGESTERONE

SECRETORY PHASE of Menstrual Cycle - promotes ENDOMETRIAL DEVELOPMENT (after ovulation)

CERVICAL CHANGES by OESTROGEN and why it does this

makes CERVICAL MUCUS THIN & WATER & LOTS of it - AID MIGRATION of SPERM through cervical Os - 'ferning'

CERVICAL CHNAGES by PROGESTERONE and why

makes CERVICAL MUCUS THICKER forming a PLUG - PREVENT BACTERIA entering uterus - MAINTAINING PREGNANCY

can the SECRETORY PHASE vary in length

NO - FIXED 14 DAYS