12. MALE REPRODUCTION - ANATOMY related to function Flashcards
GAMETES in MALES
SPERMATOZOA
(from TESTES - primary sex organ)
male REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM consists of
- INTERNAL genitalia
Testes, Epididymis,
vas deferens, ejaculatory duct,
seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands - EXTERNAL genitalia
Penis, Scrotum - ENDOCRINE REGULATION
why do TESTES descend into SCROTUM (outside body)
3 DEGREES COOLER
- LOWER TEMP for OPTIMAL FUNCTION
TESTES have 2 COMPARTMENTS which are separated by a..
MEDIAN RAPHE
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES of TESTES are arranged in..
LOBULES
where does SPERM ORIGINATE from in the TESTES
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
-> rete testes
-> efferent ductules
-> Epididymis (store)
-> Ductus/Vas deferens
-> ejaculatory duct
LEYDIG CELLS (produce testosterone) are found where in the TESTES
lie in Loose tissue SURROUNDING SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (between)
in INTERSTITIUM
TESTIS is ENCLOSED in a TOUGH CAPSULE called
(inner layer)
TUNICA ALBUGINEA
inner layer and outer layer of TESTES:
INNER:
TUNICA ALBUGINEA
OUTER:
TUNICA VAGINALIS
TESTES SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (arranged in loops) empty into the.. and where do they go from here
RETE TESTES
drain through EFFERENT DUCTULES (VASA EFFERENTIA) into HEAD of EPIDIDYMIS
TESTES
how do the VAS DEFERENS FORM
TAIL of EPIDIDYMIS THICKENS and STRAIGHTENS to become vas deferens
(epididymis has head, body, tail)
TESTES
CELLS INSIDE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
- SERTOLI CELLS (support) (AMH)
- GERM CELLS (Sand DERIVATIVES
TESTES
CELLS OUTSIDE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
- LEYDIG CELLS
- PERITUBULAR MYOCYTES (smooth muscle cells surrounding sf)
TESTES
where do SERTOLI CELLS REST
on BASEMENT MEMBRANE of Seminiferous Tubules
extend filamentous cytoplasmic effects? towards LUMEN of tubule
FUNCTION of SERTOLI CELLS
SUPPORT and NOURISH SPERMATOGENIC CELLS
SERTOLI CELLS SECRETE:
- MULLERIAN REGRESSION FACTOR (AMH)
- INHIBIN
- ACTIVIN
- ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEINS
- OESTROGEN BINDING PROTEINS
LEYDIG CELLS secrete TESTOSTERONE in RESPONSE to..
LH - LEUTENISING HORMONE from anterior pituitary
2 Populations of LEYDIG CELLS
- FOETAL LEYDIG CELLS
secrete testosterone in foetus and regress after birth - ADULT LEYDIG CELLS
secrete testosterone from PUBERTY
TESTICULAR ARTERIES arise from..
AORTA
TESTICULAR VEINS (PAMPINIFORM PLEXUS) DRAIN into..
LEFT: RENAL VEIN
RIGHT: INFERIOR VENA CAVA
TESTES LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE into..
PARA-AORTIC NODES
(scrotal skin drains to inguinal nodes)
from RETE TESTIS how many EFFERENT DUCTULES pass into the EPIDIDYMUS HEAD (capcut)
12-20
how do EFFERENT DUCTULES DRAIN into EPIDIDYMAL DUCTS
ENLARGE to form LOBULE
the DUCT from each LOBULE DRAINS into a SINGLE EPIDIDYMAL DUCT
- winds approx 6 M to form body and tail (thickens and straightens into Vas deferens)
how long are EPIDIDYMAL DUCTS
6 m
what collectively form the REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS, which SPERM EXIT each testes through
- EPIDIDYMUS
- VAS / DUCTUS DEFERENS
- EJACULATORY DUCT
EJACULATORY DUCT drains into a single…
URETHRA
(common tube for semen and urine)
PASSAGE of the VAS DEFERENS from testes to ejaculatory duct (internal ring)
PASSES THROUGH INGUINAL CANAL
LATERAL to INFERIOR EPIGASTRIC ARTERY / vessels
MEDIAL to all STRUCTURES of the PELVIC SIDE WALL
TO BASE of PROSTATE, POSTERIORLY
JOINS SEMINAL VESICLE duct to form EJACULATORY DUCT (opens into urethra)
VAS DEFERENS pass LATERAL to..
INFERIOR EPIGASTRIC ARTERY
VAS DEFERENS pass … to all STRUCTURES of PELVIC SIDE WALL
MEDIAL
how is the EJACULATORY DUCT formed
VAS DEFERENS (AMPULLA) JOINS with SEMINAL VESICLE(
the TERMINAL VAS is DILATED (known as AMPULLA) and is capable of..
STORING SPERMATOZOA
how LONG is EJACULATORY DUCT (PAIR of tubes)
2 cm
EJACULATORY DUCTS travel THROUGH the .. and DRAIN into
PROSTATE
drain into COLLICULUS SEMINALIS / VERUMONTANUM of PROSTATE
what are the ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS
- SEMINAL VESICLES
- PROSTATE GLAND
- BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS (Cowper’s glands)
60-70% of EJACULATE comes from..
SEMINAL VESICLE (lateral outpouching of Vas)
SEMINAL VESICLES LINED by..
COLUMNAR SECRETARY EPITHELIUM with GOBLET CELLS
which CELLS are found LINING the SEMINAL VESICLES
GOBLET CELLS
what do SEMINAL VESICLES SECRETE …. containing:
MUCOID MATERIAL
containing FRUCTOSE, CITRIC ACID, other NUTRIENTS, PROSTAGLANDINS, FIBRINOGEN
during emission and ejaculation each SEMINAL VESICLE EMPTIES its contents into the EJACULATORY DUCT before or after VAS DEFERENS EMPTIES SPERM
AFTER
SEMINAL VESICLE and AMPULLA (vd) lie where in relation to BLADDER
POSTERIOR to bladder
Ureter enters bladder MEDIAL to the tip of seminal vesicle
as SEMINAL VESICLES join to form Ejaculatory Duct, their SMOOTH MUSCLE COATS FUSE with the…
PROSTATIC CAPSULE at its base
what does the DEMONVILLIER’S FASCIA (rectovesicle pouch of peritoneum) SEPARATE
PROSTATE AND SEMINAL VESICLE (and bladder)
FROM RECTUM
what is the PROSTATE
FIBROMUSCULAR GLAND situated BELOW BLADDER
approx weight of PROSTATE
20g
(walnut shape)
PROSTATE is composed of
- 70% GLANDULAR ELEMENTS
- 30% FIBROMUSCULAR STROMA
PROSTRATE contributes to how much of the SEMEN VOLUME and what does it include
A THIRD
includes NUTRIENTS and ENZYMES to ACTIVATE SPERM
contribution of PROSTATE to SPERM
has NUTRIENTS and ENZYMES that ACTIVATE SPERM
what is PSA (PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN)
one of several SERINE PROTEASES
SECRETED by PROSTATE in HIGH CONCENTRATIONS INTO the EJACULATE
- REGULATION OF SEMEN COAGULATION (Makes semen watery so sperm can swim freely)
PSA SECRETED BY
PROSTATE into EJACULATE
what does PSA (PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN) do
REGULATES SEMEN COAGULATION (becoming viscous or thickened)
(makes semen watery so sperm can swim freely)
what is a VALUABLE MARKER of PROSTATE DISEASE STATES
(not specific for prostate cancer)
PSA
GRANDULAR ELEMENTS of PROSTATE are DIVIDED into 3 distinct zones:
- TRANSITION
- CENTRAL
- PERIPHERAL
(anterior fibromuscular stroma does not have glandular tissue in it)
TRANSITION ZONE of PROSTATE makes up how much of it
5-10%
separated from rest of prostate by a FIBROMUSCULAR BAND
TRANSITION ZONE of PROSTATE gives rise to..
BPH
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (increase in no. cells)
what percentage of PROSTATE CANCERS are estimated to come from the TRANSITION ZONE
20%
CENTRAL ZONE makes up how much of the PROSTATE gland
25%
what percentage of PROSTATE CANCERS are estimated to come from the CENTRAL ZONE
1-2% (LOW)
PERIPHERAL ZONE makes up how much of PROSTATE
70%
MAKES UP BULK of the PROSTATIC GLANDULAR TISSUE
covers POSTERIOR and LATERAL aspects of gland
what percentage of PROSTATE CANCERS are estimated to come from the PERIPHERAL ZONE
70% (MOST)
PERIPHERAL ZONE covers which parts of PROSTATE
POSTERIOR and LATERAL
(easily felt on rectal examination)
PROSTATE PERIPHERAL ZONE DUCTS DRAIN into… along..
drain into PROSTATIC SINUS
along the entire length of the PROSTATIC URETHRA
which PROSTATE ZONE is most commonly AFFECTED by CHRONIC PROSTATITIS
PERIPHERAL ZONE
which PROSTATE ZONE makes up MOST of it
PERIPHERAL
which PROSTATE ZONE do most PROSTATE CANCERS come from
PERIPHERAL - 70%
Which PROSTATE ZONE do the least PROSTATE CANCERS come from
CENTRAL ZONE (1-2%)
which PROSTATE ZONE gives rise to BPH (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA)
TRANSITION ZONE
what are the BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS (aka COWPER’S glands) and where are they LOCATED
PAIR of PEA-shaped EXOCRINE GLANDS
POTEROLATERAL to the MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
what do the BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS do/produce
contribute to the final VOLUME of SEMEN
- by PRODUCING a LUBRICATING MUCUS SECRETION
what is secreted from TESTES/VAS DEFERENS? SEMINAL VESICLES? PROSTATE GLAND? BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS?
TESTES/VD: SPERMATOZOA
SEMINAL VESICLE: MUCOID MATERIAL - fructose, citric acid, nutrients, prostaglandins, fibrinogen (60-70% semen)
PROSTATE GLAND: SERINE PROTEASES including PSA, Nutrients, Enzymes (1/3rd semen)
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS: lubricating MUCUS
where does PRODUCTION of SPERM occur
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
CONTRACTION of DARTOS MUSCLE and CREMASTER MUSCLES (scrotum) is responsible for assisting in..
TEMPERATURE CONTROL
