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UROGENITAL > 12. MALE REPRODUCTION - ANATOMY related to function > Flashcards

12. MALE REPRODUCTION - ANATOMY related to function Flashcards

1
Q

GAMETES in MALES

A

SPERMATOZOA
(from TESTES - primary sex organ)

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2
Q

male REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM consists of

A
  • INTERNAL genitalia
    Testes, Epididymis,
    vas deferens, ejaculatory duct,
    seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands
  • EXTERNAL genitalia
    Penis, Scrotum
  • ENDOCRINE REGULATION
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3
Q

why do TESTES descend into SCROTUM (outside body)

A

3 DEGREES COOLER

  • LOWER TEMP for OPTIMAL FUNCTION
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4
Q

TESTES have 2 COMPARTMENTS which are separated by a..

A

MEDIAN RAPHE

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5
Q

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES of TESTES are arranged in..

A

LOBULES

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6
Q

where does SPERM ORIGINATE from in the TESTES

A

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

-> rete testes
-> efferent ductules
-> Epididymis (store)
-> Ductus/Vas deferens
-> ejaculatory duct

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7
Q

LEYDIG CELLS (produce testosterone) are found where in the TESTES

A

lie in Loose tissue SURROUNDING SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (between)

in INTERSTITIUM

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8
Q

TESTIS is ENCLOSED in a TOUGH CAPSULE called
(inner layer)

A

TUNICA ALBUGINEA

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9
Q

inner layer and outer layer of TESTES:

A

INNER:
TUNICA ALBUGINEA

OUTER:
TUNICA VAGINALIS

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10
Q

TESTES SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES (arranged in loops) empty into the.. and where do they go from here

A

RETE TESTES

drain through EFFERENT DUCTULES (VASA EFFERENTIA) into HEAD of EPIDIDYMIS

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11
Q

TESTES
how do the VAS DEFERENS FORM

A

TAIL of EPIDIDYMIS THICKENS and STRAIGHTENS to become vas deferens

(epididymis has head, body, tail)

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12
Q

TESTES
CELLS INSIDE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

A
  • SERTOLI CELLS (support) (AMH)
  • GERM CELLS (Sand DERIVATIVES
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13
Q

TESTES
CELLS OUTSIDE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

A
  • LEYDIG CELLS
  • PERITUBULAR MYOCYTES (smooth muscle cells surrounding sf)
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14
Q

TESTES
where do SERTOLI CELLS REST

A

on BASEMENT MEMBRANE of Seminiferous Tubules

extend filamentous cytoplasmic effects? towards LUMEN of tubule

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15
Q

FUNCTION of SERTOLI CELLS

A

SUPPORT and NOURISH SPERMATOGENIC CELLS

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16
Q

SERTOLI CELLS SECRETE:

A
  • MULLERIAN REGRESSION FACTOR (AMH)
  • INHIBIN
  • ACTIVIN
  • ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEINS
  • OESTROGEN BINDING PROTEINS
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17
Q

LEYDIG CELLS secrete TESTOSTERONE in RESPONSE to..

A

LH - LEUTENISING HORMONE from anterior pituitary

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18
Q

2 Populations of LEYDIG CELLS

A
  • FOETAL LEYDIG CELLS
    secrete testosterone in foetus and regress after birth
  • ADULT LEYDIG CELLS
    secrete testosterone from PUBERTY
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19
Q

TESTICULAR ARTERIES arise from..

A

AORTA

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20
Q

TESTICULAR VEINS (PAMPINIFORM PLEXUS) DRAIN into..

A

LEFT: RENAL VEIN

RIGHT: INFERIOR VENA CAVA

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21
Q

TESTES LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE into..

A

PARA-AORTIC NODES

(scrotal skin drains to inguinal nodes)

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22
Q

from RETE TESTIS how many EFFERENT DUCTULES pass into the EPIDIDYMUS HEAD (capcut)

A

12-20

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23
Q

how do EFFERENT DUCTULES DRAIN into EPIDIDYMAL DUCTS

A

ENLARGE to form LOBULE

the DUCT from each LOBULE DRAINS into a SINGLE EPIDIDYMAL DUCT

  • winds approx 6 M to form body and tail (thickens and straightens into Vas deferens)
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24
Q

how long are EPIDIDYMAL DUCTS

A

6 m

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25
Q

what collectively form the REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS, which SPERM EXIT each testes through

A
  • EPIDIDYMUS
  • VAS / DUCTUS DEFERENS
  • EJACULATORY DUCT
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26
Q

EJACULATORY DUCT drains into a single…

A

URETHRA
(common tube for semen and urine)

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27
Q

PASSAGE of the VAS DEFERENS from testes to ejaculatory duct (internal ring)

A

PASSES THROUGH INGUINAL CANAL

LATERAL to INFERIOR EPIGASTRIC ARTERY / vessels

MEDIAL to all STRUCTURES of the PELVIC SIDE WALL

TO BASE of PROSTATE, POSTERIORLY

JOINS SEMINAL VESICLE duct to form EJACULATORY DUCT (opens into urethra)

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28
Q

VAS DEFERENS pass LATERAL to..

A

INFERIOR EPIGASTRIC ARTERY

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29
Q

VAS DEFERENS pass … to all STRUCTURES of PELVIC SIDE WALL

A

MEDIAL

30
Q

how is the EJACULATORY DUCT formed

A

VAS DEFERENS (AMPULLA) JOINS with SEMINAL VESICLE(

31
Q

the TERMINAL VAS is DILATED (known as AMPULLA) and is capable of..

A

STORING SPERMATOZOA

32
Q

how LONG is EJACULATORY DUCT (PAIR of tubes)

A

2 cm

33
Q

EJACULATORY DUCTS travel THROUGH the .. and DRAIN into

A

PROSTATE

drain into COLLICULUS SEMINALIS / VERUMONTANUM of PROSTATE

34
Q

what are the ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS

A
  • SEMINAL VESICLES
  • PROSTATE GLAND
  • BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS (Cowper’s glands)
35
Q

60-70% of EJACULATE comes from..

A

SEMINAL VESICLE (lateral outpouching of Vas)

36
Q

SEMINAL VESICLES LINED by..

A

COLUMNAR SECRETARY EPITHELIUM with GOBLET CELLS

37
Q

which CELLS are found LINING the SEMINAL VESICLES

A

GOBLET CELLS

38
Q

what do SEMINAL VESICLES SECRETE …. containing:

A

MUCOID MATERIAL

containing FRUCTOSE, CITRIC ACID, other NUTRIENTS, PROSTAGLANDINS, FIBRINOGEN

39
Q

during emission and ejaculation each SEMINAL VESICLE EMPTIES its contents into the EJACULATORY DUCT before or after VAS DEFERENS EMPTIES SPERM

A

AFTER

40
Q

SEMINAL VESICLE and AMPULLA (vd) lie where in relation to BLADDER

A

POSTERIOR to bladder

Ureter enters bladder MEDIAL to the tip of seminal vesicle

41
Q

as SEMINAL VESICLES join to form Ejaculatory Duct, their SMOOTH MUSCLE COATS FUSE with the…

A

PROSTATIC CAPSULE at its base

42
Q

what does the DEMONVILLIER’S FASCIA (rectovesicle pouch of peritoneum) SEPARATE

A

PROSTATE AND SEMINAL VESICLE (and bladder)
FROM RECTUM

43
Q

what is the PROSTATE

A

FIBROMUSCULAR GLAND situated BELOW BLADDER

44
Q

approx weight of PROSTATE

A

20g
(walnut shape)

45
Q

PROSTATE is composed of

A
  • 70% GLANDULAR ELEMENTS
  • 30% FIBROMUSCULAR STROMA
46
Q

PROSTRATE contributes to how much of the SEMEN VOLUME and what does it include

A

A THIRD

includes NUTRIENTS and ENZYMES to ACTIVATE SPERM

47
Q

contribution of PROSTATE to SPERM

A

has NUTRIENTS and ENZYMES that ACTIVATE SPERM

48
Q

what is PSA (PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN)

A

one of several SERINE PROTEASES

SECRETED by PROSTATE in HIGH CONCENTRATIONS INTO the EJACULATE

  • REGULATION OF SEMEN COAGULATION (Makes semen watery so sperm can swim freely)
49
Q

PSA SECRETED BY

A

PROSTATE into EJACULATE

50
Q

what does PSA (PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN) do

A

REGULATES SEMEN COAGULATION (becoming viscous or thickened)
(makes semen watery so sperm can swim freely)

51
Q

what is a VALUABLE MARKER of PROSTATE DISEASE STATES
(not specific for prostate cancer)

A

PSA

52
Q

GRANDULAR ELEMENTS of PROSTATE are DIVIDED into 3 distinct zones:

A
  • TRANSITION
  • CENTRAL
  • PERIPHERAL

(anterior fibromuscular stroma does not have glandular tissue in it)

53
Q

TRANSITION ZONE of PROSTATE makes up how much of it

A

5-10%

separated from rest of prostate by a FIBROMUSCULAR BAND

54
Q

TRANSITION ZONE of PROSTATE gives rise to..

A

BPH
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (increase in no. cells)

55
Q

what percentage of PROSTATE CANCERS are estimated to come from the TRANSITION ZONE

A

20%

56
Q

CENTRAL ZONE makes up how much of the PROSTATE gland

A

25%

57
Q

what percentage of PROSTATE CANCERS are estimated to come from the CENTRAL ZONE

A

1-2% (LOW)

58
Q

PERIPHERAL ZONE makes up how much of PROSTATE

A

70%

MAKES UP BULK of the PROSTATIC GLANDULAR TISSUE

covers POSTERIOR and LATERAL aspects of gland

59
Q

what percentage of PROSTATE CANCERS are estimated to come from the PERIPHERAL ZONE

A

70% (MOST)

60
Q

PERIPHERAL ZONE covers which parts of PROSTATE

A

POSTERIOR and LATERAL

(easily felt on rectal examination)

61
Q

PROSTATE PERIPHERAL ZONE DUCTS DRAIN into… along..

A

drain into PROSTATIC SINUS

along the entire length of the PROSTATIC URETHRA

62
Q

which PROSTATE ZONE is most commonly AFFECTED by CHRONIC PROSTATITIS

A

PERIPHERAL ZONE

63
Q

which PROSTATE ZONE makes up MOST of it

A

PERIPHERAL

64
Q

which PROSTATE ZONE do most PROSTATE CANCERS come from

A

PERIPHERAL - 70%

65
Q

Which PROSTATE ZONE do the least PROSTATE CANCERS come from

A

CENTRAL ZONE (1-2%)

66
Q

which PROSTATE ZONE gives rise to BPH (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA)

A

TRANSITION ZONE

67
Q

what are the BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS (aka COWPER’S glands) and where are they LOCATED

A

PAIR of PEA-shaped EXOCRINE GLANDS

POTEROLATERAL to the MEMBRANOUS URETHRA

68
Q

what do the BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS do/produce

A

contribute to the final VOLUME of SEMEN
- by PRODUCING a LUBRICATING MUCUS SECRETION

69
Q

what is secreted from TESTES/VAS DEFERENS? SEMINAL VESICLES? PROSTATE GLAND? BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS?

A

TESTES/VD: SPERMATOZOA

SEMINAL VESICLE: MUCOID MATERIAL - fructose, citric acid, nutrients, prostaglandins, fibrinogen (60-70% semen)

PROSTATE GLAND: SERINE PROTEASES including PSA, Nutrients, Enzymes (1/3rd semen)

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS: lubricating MUCUS

70
Q

where does PRODUCTION of SPERM occur

A

SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

71
Q

CONTRACTION of DARTOS MUSCLE and CREMASTER MUSCLES (scrotum) is responsible for assisting in..

A

TEMPERATURE CONTROL

UROGENITAL (19 decks)

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