04. Anatomy of the Male and Female pelvis and external genitalia (HARC) Flashcards
what is the TRUE (lesser) PELVIS and the FALSE (greater) PELVIS
TRUE PELVIS: BOWL SHAPED structure. below pelvic brim. inferior. (inner cavity)
FALSE PELVIS: space SUPERIOR to pelvic brim / above Pelvic Inlet
(see image)
what is the name for the EDGE of the PELVIC INLET
LINEA TERMINALIS
PECTINEAL LINE forms part of the linea terminalis (between pubis and iliac)
what two parts of pelvic are in the same plane
ASIS and PUBIC TUBERCLE
where does the PELVIC INLET line go from/to
promontory (point) of SACRUM
ARCUATE LINE of ILIUM
ILIOPECTINAL LINE
POSTERIOR surface of PUBIC CREST
PELVIC INLET line from the promontory (point) of the SACRUM, ARCUATE LINE of ILIUM, ILIOPECTINAL LINE and POSTERIOR surface of PUBIC CREST is at what ANGLE
35-50 DEGREE
(/approx 45)
the Pelvic OUTLET is formed between.. (4)
ISCHIOPUBIC RAMI
ISCHIAL TUBEROSITIES
SACROTUBEROUS LIGAMENTS
DISTAL SACRUM (sometimes coccyx)
TRUE PELVIS is considered to start at..
PELVIC INLET
FEMALE and MALE PELVIS
difference in SHAPE of PELVIC INLET
female: OVAL
male: HEART shape
FEMALE and MALE PELVIS
SUB PUBIC ARCH ANGLES
female: 80-85 DEGREE
male: narrow. 50-60 DEGREE
what do you have above and below the LINEA TERMINALIS
above: ABDOMINAL CAVITY
below: PELVIC CAVITY
layers going below Pelvic cavity
PELVIC FASCIA
PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES
PERINEUM (below pelvic floor)
one PELVC BONE is also known as
INNOMINATE bone
TRUE PELVIS aka
LESSER pelvis
FALSE PELVIS aka
GREATER pelvis
the SCROTUM is the male homologous of the female..
LABIA MAJORA
in the FETUS how do we result in a single SCROTUM
LABIOSCROTAL SWELLINGS FUSE across the MIDLINE
(labioscrotal swellings differentiate into scrotum in males)
TESTES and associated structures DESCENT into SCROTUM from the..
POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
Gubernaculum brings them down (brought more anterior)
(need colder temperatures outside the body)
GUBERNACULUM pulls TESTES through 2 PHASES:
- TRANSABDOMINAL
passes through abdomen - INGUINOSCROTAL
through inguinal canal into scrotum
what CELLS STIMULATE ENLARGEMENT of GUBERNACULUM and when
LEYDIG CELLS
at 10 WEEKS
what does the GUBERNACULUM (cord of tissue) CONNECT
INFERIOR POLE of GONAD
and LABIOSCROTAL SWELLINGS
(pass through anterior abdominal wall)
as the GUBERNACULUM pulls TESTES DOWN, it creates a TUBULAR EXTENSION of the PERITONEAL CAVITY called..
PROCESSUS VAGINALIS
projects
Testes pass behind / posterior
(usually closes and obliterates)
TESTES DESCEND with
their associated NEUROVASCULAR STRUCTURES and ducts
PROCESSUS VAGINALIS CLOSES up and obliterates and is known asn
TUNICA VAGINALIS
what is the name for the REMNANT of the LINE OF FUSION between the LABIOSCROTAL SWELLINGS in the fetus and where can you see it
RAPHE
extends from the ANUS over the SCROTAL SAC and onto inferior aspect of body of PENIS
what are TESTES RESPONSIBLE for
TESTOSTERONE and SPERM PRODUCTION
TESTES BLOOD SUPPLY consists of
TESTICULAR ARTERY and VEINS (aka pampiniform plexus)
TESTES are ENCLOSED in a ..
MUSCULODFASCIAL POUCH
continuous with anterior abdominal wall
TESTES are suspended in the SCROTUM by the..
SPERMATIC CORD (also contains DUCTUS DEFERNES)
LAYERS of the ABDOMINAL WALL
- SKIN
- SCARPA’S FASCIA
- EXTERNAL OBLIQUE (muscle)
- INTERNAL OBLIQUE (muscle)
- TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINUS (muscle)
- TRANSVERSALIS FASCIA
- PERITONEUM
LAYERS of the SCROTUM (6/7)
- SKIN
- DARTOS and SMOOTH MUSCLE
- EXTERNAL SPERMATIC FASCIA
- CREMASTER MUSCLE and FASCIA
- CREMASTER MUSCLE and FASCIA
- INTERNAL SPERMATIC FASCIA
- TUNICA VAGINALIS
(Some Damn Englishmen Called It the Testes)
CREMASTER MUSCLE (in scrotum) is INNERVATED by
GENITAL BRANCH of the GENITOFEMORAL NERVE (L1 L2)
(cremaster muscle tenses for thermoregulation and protection)
GENITOFEMORAL NERVE comes from which SPINAL NERVES
L1 & L2
GENITOFEMORAL NERVE splits into 2 branches
- GENITAL BRANCH
- FEMORAL BRANCH
what causes a Motor response of the GENITOFEMORAL NERVE (cremaster muscle tenses) / how to test
stroking inner thigh stimulates sensory in turn
is the INGUINAL CANAL only in males
NO also in females
INGUINAL CANAL has parts
DEEP INGUINAL RING
SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING
in TESTES, SPERMATOZOA are PRODUCED in 400-600 HIGHLY COILED..
SEMNIFEROUS TUBULES
in TESTES, highly coiled SEMNIFEROUS TUBULES at each end become STRAIGHT TUBULES CONNECTED to the…
RETE TESTES (‘network’)
- COLLECTING CHAMBER
in TESTES, SPERMATOZOA from RETE TESTES (collecting chamber) go THROUGH EFFERENT DUCTULES to the…
EPIDIDYMIS
TESTES
SPERMATOZOA go from RETE TESTES to the EPIDIDYMIS though how many EFFERENT DUCTULES
12-20
where are the SPERMATOZOA in TESTES STORES until Ejaculation
EPIDIDYMIS
from TESTES the SPERMATOZOA pass via …. into the EJACULATORY DUCT
DUCTUS DEFERENS
route of SPERMATOZOA from production to ejaculatory duct
- SEMNIFEROUS TUBULES (400-600)
- RETE TESTES
- through EFFERENT DUCTULES (12-20)
- EPIDIDYMIS
- through DUCTUS DEFERENS
PENIS is mostly composed of
2 CORPORA CAVERNOSA (dorsal/posterior)
1 CORPOSA SPONGIOSUM (ventral/anterio)
PENIS is mostly composed of
2 CORPORA CAVERNOSA (dorsal/posterior)
1 CORPUS SPONGIOSUM (ventral/anterior)
the ROOT of the PENIS consists of
2 CRURA (single crus) (‘legs’)
which are the proximal parts of the CORPORA CAVERNOSA ATTACHED to the PUBIC ARCH
what is the BULB of the PENIS
the PROXIMAL part of the CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
ANCHORED to the PERINEAL MEMBRANE
the BODY of the PENIS is formed by the JOINING of..
the 2 CRURA / proximal FREE parts of the CORPORA CAVERNOSA
and the related FREE part of the CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
the TIP of the BODY of the PENIS is COVERED by the … which is…
GLANS PENIS
(greatest cutaneous sensitivity)
- EXTENDED CAP of the CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
what is the name for the SAGITTAL SLIT at the TIP of the GLANS PENIS
EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE
the GLANS of the PENIS is COVERED by the..
PREPUCE (Foreskin)
loose fold of retractable skin attached to the ventral surface of the glans penis under the CORONA, at the FRENULUM
mechanism of ERECTION is a VASCULAR event STIMULATED by..
PARASYMPATHETIC FIBRES
ERECTION stimulated by PARASYMPATHETIC FIBRES which are carried in which NERVES
PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES (from ventral rami S2-S4)
STIMULATION of pelvic splanchnic nerves for ERECTION cause …
VASODILATION of ARTERIES (relax)
Corpora cavernosa and Corpus Spongiosum become engorged with blood and expand
INCREASE in Internal PRESSURE
what happens to VEINS in ERECTION
COMPRESSED against surrounding fascia
- PREVENTING OUTLFOW of BLOOD
PENIS returns to flaccid state by
VASOCONSTRICTION of ARTERIES
function of the GENITAL BRANCH of the GENITOFEMORAL NERVE
CONTRACTION of the CREMASTER MUSCLE
PELVIS can be split into 2 Triangles
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
(ischial tuberosities and pubic symphysis)
ANAL TRIANGLE
(Ischial tuberosities and Coccyx)
FUNCTION of PELVIC FLOOR
SUPPORTS the PELVIC VISCERA (ORGANS)
also SEPARATES the PELVIC CAVITY (above) and PERINEUM (below)
PELVIC FLOOR formed by the PELVIC DIAGPHRAGM which consists of which MUSCLES
LEVATOR ANI
COCCYGEUS (aka Ischiococcygeus, attaches to ischial spine)
where the PELVIX FLOOR is incomplete anteriorly to allow passage or Urethra and Vagina it is called
UROGENITAL HIATUS
LEVATOR ANI muscles are:
PUBOCOCCYGEUS
from pubic bone to coccyx tip (posterior)
ILIOCOCCYGEUS
heading from ilium to coccyx tip (posterior)
(goes to obturator internus, towards ilium)
PUBOCOCCYGEUS MUSCLE can also include which muscle
PUBORECTALIS muscle
(slings around the rectum)
some textbooks also include Pubovaginalis/lavator prostatae
name of the body where the LEVATOR ANI muscles ATTACHE to each other
ANOCOCCYGEAL BODY
how does PUBORECTALIST PREVENT DEFACATION
fibres form a SLING around the junction between the rectum and anus (PERINEAL FLEXURE)
- CONTRACT
- CREATES 80 DEGREE ANGLE
relaxation increases the angle
LEVATOR ANI MUSCLE can also be used to CONTROL..
URINATION
(anterior fibres around urethra)
(muscles may be damaged in females by child birth, leading to weakness of sphincter mechanism and stress incontinence, causing leak)
muscles that help contract / compress URETHRA in FEMALES
COMPRESSOR URETHRAE
SPHINCTER URETHROVAGINALIS (around urethra and vagina)
SPHINCTER URETHRA
MUSCLE that help compress URETHRA in MALES
EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER
CHILD BIRTH can cause TEARS of..
PERINEUM
or TEAR of PUBOCOCCYGEUS
Episiotomy is an incision made to prevent more damage and enables better recovery
PERINEAL TEAR CLASSIFICATION from childbirth
FIRST DEGREE:
SECOND:
THIRD:
FOURTH:
1st:
Superficial Perineal Skin or VAGINAL MUCOSA torn
2nd:
also PERINEAL MUSCLES torn
3rd:
also ANAL SPHINCTER torn
4th:
also RECTUM torn
PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES are INNERVATED by which NERVE
PUDENDAL NERVE
to relax pelvic floor muscles during childbirth, can adminiter anaesthetic to pudendal nerve
(ischial spine is located)
in FEMALES, what is the name of the PAIR of ERECTILE STRUCTURES that are situated at either side of the vaginal opening
BULBS of VESTIBULE
in WOMEN
small bands of erectile tissue connect the anterior ends of the BULBS of VESTIBULE to a pea-sized ERECTILE MASS called
GLANS CLITORIS
in WOMEN
ROOT consists of
2 CRURA (corpora cavernosa)
in WOMEN,
the BODY is formed by
the UNATTACHED parts of the 2 CORPORA CAVERNOSA
in WOMEN
the CLITORIS and VESTIBULAR APPARATUS together with numerous skin and tissue folds form the..
VULVA
FEMALES
either side of the midline, there are 2 THIN SKIN FOLDS called
LABIA MINORA / MINUS
FEMALES
Region BETWEEN LABIA MINORA, into which urethra and vagina OPEN is called…
VESTIBULE (‘entrance’)
FEMALES
anteriorly the LIBIA MINORA BIFURCATE (divide into 2 branches) and the MEDIAL portions UNITE to form the..
FRENULUM OF THE CLITORIS (joins the glans clitoris)
FEMALES
anteriorly the LIBIA MINORA BIFURCATE (divide into 2 branches) and the LATERAL FOLDS form..
PREPUCE of the CLITORIS (foreskin)
the space INFERIOR to the PELVIC FLOOR is called the
PERINEUM
