03. Anatomy of the bladder, urethra and internal gonads (HARC) Flashcards

1
Q

the URINARY BLADDER is a hollow, muscular organ in which area

A

ANTERIOR PELVIC CANVITY

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2
Q

SURFACES of the BLADDER

A

SUPERIOR surface
POSTERIOR surface aka BASE
2x INFEROLATERAL surfaces (come together)
APEX (connected to umbilicus)

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3
Q

SUPERIOR SURFACE of BLADDER is covered in..

A

PERITONEUM (thin sheet of tissue)

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4
Q

BLADDER tubes

A

2x URETERS (from kidney)
URETHRA (out)

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5
Q

Majority of INTERNAL BLADDER is LINED by..

A

DETRUSOR MUSCLE

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6
Q

DETRUSOR MUSCLE that lines internal walls of BLADDER is controlled by which NERVOUS SYSTEM activity

A

PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system
- AUTONOMIC nervous system

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7
Q

what type of muscle is DETRUSOR MUSCLE that lines internal BLADDER

A

INVOLUNTARY SMOOTH MUSCLE

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8
Q

what is the only part of the BLADDER that is NOT lined by Detrusor muscle

A

TRIGONE - the space between the 3 openings (ureters and urethra)

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9
Q

does the TRIGONE of the bladder (space between 3 openings) expand/shrink when the bladder fills/empties

A

NO
does NOT EXPAND/SHRINK when BLADDER

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10
Q

CAPACITY of BLADDER

A

approx 400ml

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11
Q

the NECK of the BLADDER (INFERIOR) NARROWS to form the..

A

URETHRA

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12
Q

what are the 2 URETHRAL SPHINCTERS

A

INTERAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER (more superior, closer to bladder)

EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER (inferior, last point that stops urine leaving the body)

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13
Q

part of the URETHRA where URINE leaves the body from

A

EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE

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14
Q

DIFFERENCE between INTERNAL and EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTERS

INTERNAL:
type of muscle?
nervous system?

A

difference in CONTROL

  • SMOOTH MUSCLE (INVOLUNTARY)
  • controlled by AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - SYMPATHETIC stimulation through HYPOGASTRIC NERVES keep it closed
  • NO CONTROL OVER IT
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15
Q

DIFFERENCE between INTERNAL and EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTERS

EXTERNAL:
type of muscle?
nervous system?

A

CONTROL OVER IT

  • SKELETAL MUSCLE (VOLUNTARY)
  • SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control by PUDENAL NERVE
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16
Q

INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER uses which NERVES to keep it closed

A

sends SYMPATHETIC stimulation through HYPOGASTRIC NERVES

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17
Q

EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTERS have SOMATIC CONTROL using which NERVES

A

PUDENAL NERVES

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18
Q

STEPS of MICTURITION (urine being expelled)

A
  1. BLADDER SLOWLY FILLS with URINE
    NO change in pressure due to elastic walls and inhibition of parasympathetic activity until THRESHOLD
  2. URETHRAL SPHINCTERS RELAX (so urine can pass)
    Internal relax by Parasympathetic NS
    External relax by Somatic
  3. DETRUSOR CONTRACTS (squeezes bladder)
    Parasympathetic ANS fibres originate from PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES (S2-S4)
  4. BLADDER IS VOIDED INTO URETHRA
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19
Q

in MICTURITION the URETHRAL SPHINCTERS RELAX by which nervous systems

A

INTERNAL: PARASYMPATHETIC
EXTERNAL: SOMATIC

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20
Q

when DETRUSOR CONTRACTS in MICTURITION the PARASYMPATHETIC ANS fibres ORIGINATE from which NERVES and which area

A

PELVIS SPLANCHNIC NERVES (S2-S4)

(splanchnic = ‘organ’)

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21
Q

mechanism of MICTURITION is by… controlled by …

A

SPINAL REFLEX controlled by HIGHER BRAIN CENTRES

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22
Q

in MICTURITION :
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES come from which spinal nerves

A

S2, S3, S4

S2-S4

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23
Q

in MICTURITION:
how are the GANGLIA of PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES

A

GANGLIA CLOSE to the TARGET muscle - DETRUSOR muscle

(long fibre, ganglia, short fibre)

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24
Q

in MICTURITION:
SYMPATHETIC NERVES come from which spinal nerves

A

L1 L2 L3

L1-L3

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25
in MICTURITION: SYMPATHETIC NERVES (L1-L3) TRAVEL via ... plexus
HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS
26
in MICTURITION: SOMATIC NERVES come from which spinal nerves
S2, S3, S4 S2-S4
27
in MICTURITION: SOMATIC NERVES used are
PUDENAL NERVES
28
4 PARTS of the MALE URETHRA
1. INTRAMURAL aka PRE-PROSTATIC 'within the walls of the organ' where bladder narrows at neck, surrounded by Internal Urethral Sphincter 2. PROSTATIC within prostate (below bladder) 3. MEMBRANOUS within DEEP PERINEAL SPACE, passing through Perineal Membrane 4. PENILE aka SPONGY within corpus spongiosum of penis
29
role of DUCTUS DEFERENS / VAS DEFERENS (male)
bring SPERMATOZOA FROM TESTIS
30
role of SEMINAL VESICLE (Accessory Gland) (male)
PRODUCE 70% SEMINAL FLUID
31
(male) EJACULATORY DUCT is the UNION of..
DUCTUS DEFERENS and SEMINAL VESICLE passes through Prostate, directly INTO URETHRA
32
(male) role of PROSTATE GLAND (accessory gland)
PRODUCES 25% of SEMINAL FLUID
33
where is the PROSTATE (single accessory gland) and what MUSCLE does it sit on
SURROUNDS NECK / underside of BLADDER (inferior) SITS ON LEVATOR ANI of the PELVIC FLOOR
34
characteristics of the SPECIALISED SEMINAL FLUID PRODUCED by the PROSTATE (3)
- ZINC-RICH to STABILISE DNA - NUTRITIVE to spermatozoa - ALKALINE to neutralise Vaginal pH
35
why is the SEMINAL FLUID of the PROSTATE ZINC-RICH
to STABILISE DNA
36
5 LOBES of the PROSTATE:
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR 2X LATERAL MEDIAN (centre) (behind urethra and ejaculatory ducts)
37
where does the FEMALE URETHRA BEGIN and END
begin: INTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE (where neck of bladder narrows) end: EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE
38
approx LENGTH of FEMALE URETHRA
4cm
39
what do URETHRA in male and female pass through
pass through DEEP PERINEAL SPACE / POUCH and pierces PERINEAL MEMBRANE
40
what does URETHRA CONSIST of (outer and inner)
OUTER MUSCULAR COAT and INTERNAL MUCOSA
41
URETHRA has an ABUNDANCE of ... to accomodate PASSAGE of URINE
ELASTIC FIBRES
42
POSITION of FEMALE URETHRA in relation to VAGINA
ANTERIOR to VAGINA (posterior to pubis)
43
VAGINA and female URETHRA have a COMMON MUSCLE to SUPPORT both called
SPHINCTER URETHROVAGINALIS
44
female URETHRA and vagina are held in place by..
PELVIC FASCIAL LIGAMENTS and MUSCLES
45
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT is INTERNAL and consists of
OVARIES UTERUS VAGINA (& external genitalia)
46
GONADS are ORIGINALLY at level of..
L1 (ovarian artery/ gonadal artery arises from aorta at L1)
47
GONADS are connected to LABIOSCROTAL SWELLING (differentiate into labia or scrota) by
GUBERNACULUM
48
as the GUBERNACULUM REGRESSES what happens to the GONAD in FEMALES
pulled INFERIORLY and SETTLES in PELVIS
49
OVARIES CHANGE APPEARANCE throughout life Before Puberty: Post-Puberty: Post-Menopause:
Before Puberty: SMOOTH Post-Puberty: progressively SCARRED with menstruation Post-Menopause: SMALLER and PITTED
50
where do OVARIES lie
in OVARIAN FOSSA on the LATERAL WALL of PELVIS (mobile during pregnancy)
51
how can you get Ectopic Pregnancies
due to the space between the ovary and the fimbrae of the uterine tube
52
what does the UTERUS consist of
- UTERINE TUBE - FUNDUS (opposite the opening, top of uterus) - UTERINE CAVITY (hollow centre) - BODY (main wall) - CERVIX
53
2 OPENINGS of the CERVIX
INTERNAL OS: opens into Uterus EXTERNAL OS: opens into Vagina CANAL between the 2 OS
54
VAGINA lies between the..
Urethra (anterior) Rectum (posterior)
55
what is the VAGINA
MUSCULAR TUBE connects Vulva to Uterus
56
approx LENGTH of VAGINAL CANAL
8cm HALF ABOVE PELVIC FLOOR HALF BELOW PELVIC FLOOR
57
there are 4 FORNICES (space) around the CERVIX (surrounding the external os)
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR 2 LATERAL
58
how is the NORMAL ORIENTATION (position) of the UTERUS (2 terms)
ANTEVERSION Uterus tilted POSTERIORLY at the CERVIS (cervix is tilted anteriorly against the axis of the vagina) ANTEFLEXION Uterine body FOLDED ANTERIORLY over the superior surface of the BLADDER
59
what is the BROAD LIGAMENT
SHEET of PERITONEUM draped over the TOP of the UTERUS, UTERINE TUBES, OVARIES Continues over the BLADDER ANTERIORLY and RECTUM POSTERIOR (then goes up and covers all abdominal organs)
60
the BROAD LIGAMENT (draping of the sheet of peritoneum over organs) CREATES 2 RECESSES:
- RECTOUTERINE POUCH (between rectum & uterus) - VESICOUTERINE POUCH (between bladder & uterus) FLUID COLLECTS in them and can cause infection spread (MOST DEPENDENT part of cavity)