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UROGENITAL > 2. Gross and functional anatomy of urinary system (HARC) > Flashcards

2. Gross and functional anatomy of urinary system (HARC) Flashcards

1
Q

FUNCTION of the urinary tract

A

maintain HOMEOSTASIS by regulating VOLUME and COMPOSITION of BLOOD

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2
Q

Urinary Tract has huge BLOOD SUPPLY coming directly from the..

A

ABDOMINAL AORTA

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3
Q

how is HOMEOSTASIS achieved (4)

A
  • EXCRETION of waste (urea, creatinine, uric acid etc.)
  • REGULATING WATER and SALT BALANCE in blood
  • REGULATE PLASMA CONC. of Na+, K+, Cl- etc
  • STABILISE BLOOD pH
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4
Q

URINARY TRACT consists of

A
  • KIDNEYS
  • URETERS
  • BLADDER
  • URETHRA

(NOT suprarenal glands)

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5
Q

where are the KIDNEYS

A

POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL

RETROPERITONEAL

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6
Q

LEFT and RIGHT KIDNEY are ASSYMETRICAL because ..

A

of the LIVER

RIGHT KIDNEY lies lower due to liver
LEFT kidney ascends higher, below Spleen

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7
Q

where is the UPPER POLE of the RIGHT KIDNEY

A

TRANSPYLORIC PLANE (T12)

below liver

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8
Q

where is the UPPER POLE of the LEFT KIDNEY

A

at 11TH RIB

closely related to (below) SPLEEN

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9
Q

KIDNEYS rest on 3 MUSCLES:

A
  • DIAPRAGM
  • QUADRATUS LUMBORUM
  • TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS
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10
Q

which MUSCLE do the KIDNEYS lie MOSTLY on

A

DIAPHRAGM

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11
Q

KIDENY HILUM faces medially towards..

A

RENAL VESSELS & top of PSOAS MAJOR

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12
Q

what are KIDNEYS COVERED by

A

RENAL FASCIA

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13
Q

KIDNEYS are embedded in FASCIA and which THICK FAT pads

A
  • PERINEPHRIC FAT (inside fascia)
  • PARANEPHRIC FAT (outside fascia)

fascia and fat keep kidneys in place

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14
Q

KIDNEYS lie between … and …

A

MUSCLES / musculature
and
PERITONEUM (thin layer that coats walls of abdomen)

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15
Q

KIDNEY 3 layers:

A
  • THIN FIBROUS CAPSULE
  • CORTEX
    (renal columns)
  • MEDULLA
    (pyramids and papillae)
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16
Q

CORTEX of KIDNEY extends to form

A

RENAL COLUMNS

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17
Q

MEDULLA of KIDNEY is ARRANGED into..

A

RENAL PYRAMIDS

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18
Q

RENAL PYRAMIDS have what on their ends

A

PAPILLAE
(where urine is released from renal pyramids to renal sinus)

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19
Q

what SURROUND PAPILLAE of medulla of kidney and what do they JOIN to form..
to.. to..

A

MINOR CALYCES (minor calyx)

several join to form MAJOR CALYCES

which then form RENAL PELVIS to URETER

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20
Q

BLOOD FLOW through KIDNEYS starting from AORTA to the nephron associated blood vessels

A

RENAL ARTERY

-> SEGMENTAL ARTERY (1 in each segment)

-> INTERLOBAR ARTERY (in renal columns)

-> ARCUATE ARTERY (around the base of pyramids)

-> CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERY (cortex out towards capsule

-> NEPHRON-ASSOCIATED (AFFERENT ARTERIOLE)

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21
Q

NEPHRON-ASSOCIATED BLOOD VESSELS

A

AFFERENT ARTERIOLE

GLOMERULUS

EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

-> PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES / VASA RECTA

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22
Q

BLOOD FLOW through KIDNEYS starting from NEPHRON ASSOCIATED (peritubular capillaries) back to the heart
(VENOUS RETURN)

A

CORTICAL RADIATE VEIN

-> ARCUATE VEIN

-> INTERLOBAR VEIN

-> RENAL VEIN

-> INFERIOR VENA CAVA

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23
Q

how is the LUMEN of the URETERS

A

SMALL

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24
Q

approx length of URETERS

A

25-30 CM long

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25
URETERS begin at..
RENAL PELVIS
26
URETERS end at
VESICOURETERIC JUNCTION (end of BLADDER)
27
3 POINTS of CONSTRICTION of URETERS
1. PELVIURETERIC JUNCTION (where ureters form) 2. crosses the PELVIC BRIM / COMMON (external) ILIAC ARTERY 3. VESICOURETERIC JUNCTION
28
from constriction URETERS are a common place for ... to form
CALCULI
29
what do URETERS cross
PELVIC BRIM
30
URETERS run externally adjacent to which artery
EXRERAL ILIAC ARTERY (common iliac artery)
31
URETERS enter PELVIS ANTERIOR to which joint
SACROILIAC JOINT
32
on which abdominal structure do the URETERS MAINLY LIE
PSOAS MAJOR MUSCLE
33
how is the URETERS BLOOD SUPPLY
COMPLEX from VARIOUS SOURCES: - gonodal artery - common iliac artery - internal iliac artery - superior vesicle artery - middle rectal artery means very DIFFICULT to MANAGE surgically
34
in which vessel does BLOOD FLOW when LEAVING the GLOMERULUS
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
35
UPPER POLE of the LEFT KIDNEY is associated with which RIB
11TH RIB
36
what is the FUNCTIONAL UNIT of the KIDNEY
NEPHRON
37
NEPHRON transverses which areas of the KIDNEY
CORTEX and MEDULLA
38
NEPHRON consist of 2 PARTS:
- RENAL CORPUSCLE - RENAL TUBULE
39
RENAL CORPUSCLE of nephron consists of
GLOMERULUS surrounded by BOWMAN'S CAPSULE
40
RENAL TUBULE of Nephron consists of
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE LOOP of HENLE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
41
what is the GLOMERULUS
Ball of CAPILLARY VESSELS from AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
42
what is the GLOMERULUS UNITED by
MESANGIAL CELLS and MATRIX
43
BOWMAN'S CAPSULE is invaginated by the
GLOMERULUS (pushes into BC)
44
the JUXTAGLOMERULAR WALL of the BOWMAN'S CAPSULE is lined by..
PODOCYTES
45
what are PODOCYTES
line juxtaglomerular wall of BOWMAN'S CAPSULE have FOOT PROCESSES that WRAP AROUND / surround CAPILLARY LOOPS
46
what do PODOCYTES have coming out for FILTRATE to PASS through and what are they like
PEDICELS TIGHTLY INTERDIGITATED with 25nm GAPS that filtrate must pass through Gaps covered by 'DIAPHRAGMS' of cell-surface PROTEINS (nephrin, podocin etc.)
47
in RENAL CORPUSCLE what passes INTO BOWMAN'S CAPSULE
WATER and SMALL MOLECULES (Blood cells/ plasma proteins/ macromolecules are too LARGE)
48
what causes the FILTRATION in the RENAL CORPUSCLE
PRESSURE GLOMERULAR PRESSURE is always MAINTAINED (no matter what systematic pressure is)
49
how many RENAL CORPUSCLES per KIDNEY
approx 1 MILLION But DECREASE with AGE (IRREPLACEABLE) therefore reduction in glomerular filtration rate over time
50
what is the FIRST PART of the RENAL TUBULE and ORIGINATES from the BOWMAN'S CAPSULE
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
51
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE is LINED by a SINGLE LAYER of..
COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS
52
what do you find in the COLUMNAR EPITHELIA lining the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE and why is it important
BRUSH BORDER of MICROVILLI - INCREASES CONTACT WITH TUBULAR FLUID - helps TRANSPORT of IONS and SMALL MOLECULES AGAINST STEEP CONC. GRADIENTS
53
what is the PURPOSE of the BRUSH BORDER in the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
increases CONTACT with tubular fluid helps TRANSPORT of IONS and SMALL MOLECULES AGAINST STEEP CONC. GRADIENTS (MICROVILLI)
54
PROXIMAL CONCOLUTED TUBULE is ABUNDANT in..
MITOCHONDRIA - ENERGY SOURCE for TRANSPORT of IONS
55
LOOP OF HENLE has 2 LIMBS
DESCENING LIMB ASCENING LIMB connected by abrupt U-turn
56
when do the LIMBS of the LOOP OF HENLE become much NARROWER and THIN-WALLED
when in the MEDULLA (as passes from cortex to medulla)
57
THIN REGIONS of the LOOP OF HENLE (in MEDULLA) have what type of role in ION TRANSPORT
MORE PASSIVE ROLE in ION TRANSPORT than thicker segments (in cortex)
58
DIFFERENCE between PCT and DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
DCT has FEW MICROVILLI and more typical TUBULAR SHAPE FLATTER EPITHELIAL CELLS lining the internal wall
59
what is the MACULA DENSA in the DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
FOCAL THICKENING in the tubular wall NEAR the RENAL CORPUSCLE (at the junction between afferent and efferent arterioles)
60
what does the MACULA DENSA of the DCT do
SENSORY apparatus concerned with Blood flow REGULATES GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE as part of FEEDBACK loop
61
what does the DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE contain to help MAINTAIN BLOOD pH
SPECIALISED CELLS to RELEASE H+ INTO FILTRATE
62
DCT leads into ..
COLLECTING TUBULE then COLLECTING DUCT
63
where does the COLLECTING DUCT SYSTEM BEGIN and where does it go
begins in CORTEX DESCENDS THROUGH MEDULLA towards PAPILLAE (enters minor calyx)
64
what is the COLLECTING DUCT LINED by
SINGLE CUBOIDAL or COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS
65
what happens in the COLLECTING DUCT
REABSORPTION of WATER using ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) / AQUAPORINS
66
what are JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
structures within KIDNEY that REGULATE NEPHRON ACTIVITY
67
3 CELL TYPES of JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS (regulate nephron activity)
- MACULA DENSA (regulate GFR) - JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS (secrete RENIN - RAAS system, surround afferent arteriole) -EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS
68
where are the EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS located
between AFFERENT and EFFERENT ARTERIOLES
69
4 SUGGESTED FUNCTIONS of EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS
- Support capillary loops - Alter GFR loop via Myosin-angiotensin mechanism - Phagocytic function - Maintain the Basement Membrane
70
which component of the PODOCYTES are INTERDIGITATED around the CAPILLARY Loops
PEDICELS
71
MACULA DENSA are found at which part of the NEPHRON
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE Near renal corpuscle (between afferent and efferent arterioles)
72
which type of EPITHELIAL CELLS are found LINING the PCT of the nephron
COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL
73
RENAL CORPUSCLE is found where in the kidney
only in the CORTEX
74
in HISTOLOGY what are the wavy networks that PCTs and DCTS are found in, between Corpuscles
CORTICAL LABYRINTHS (CL)
75
NARROW LUMEN of URETER surrounded by..
DELICATE EPITHELIAL LAYER
76
what do URETERS have in epithelia to PREVENT URINE BACKFLOW
MUCOSAL FOLDS
77
MUSCLE LAYERS in URETERS
CIRCULAR and LONGITUDINAL
78
how does URINE TRAVEL through URETER
very SLOW SMALL VOLUMES by PERISTALSIS
79
what is ADVENTITIA of URETER
FIBROELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE loaded with VASCULATURE, LYMPH VESSELS & NERVS
80
3 STAGES of DEVELOPMENT for KIDNEY EXCRETORY System (EMBRYOLOGY)
1. PRONEPHROS 2. MESONEPHROS 3. METANEPHROS
81
KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT PRONEPHROS:
Rudimentary CELL GROUPS in NECK region DISAPPEAR by 5th WEEK but DUCT PERSIST into next stage
82
KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT MESONEPHROS:
Functional from WEEKS 6-10 FORM in THORACOLUMBAR REGION ESTABLISH CONNECTION to FUTURE BLADDER and GENITALIA - MESONEPHRIC DUCT PRIMITIVE (early) FILTRATION
83
KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT METANEPHROS
DEVELOPING KIDNEYS becomes adult kidney (lower in the body) FINAL stage FUNCTIONAL FROM WEEK 9
84
what does the UTERIC BUD do in KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT (embryology)
comes UP away from BLADDER and extends towards the METANEPHROS and invaginates spreads IN METANEPHROS to form complex FILTRATION SYSTEM
85
as the METANEPHROS GROWS and DEVELOPS..
MESONEPHROS SHRINKS and DISAPPEARS
86
METANEPHROS begin forming LOW in the body. what happens to form ADULT KIDNEYS
MIGRATION KIDNEYS ASCEND towards ADULT POSITION (and ureters get longer)
87
what happens to RENAL ARTERIES to allow KIDNEY MIGRATION (ascent)
NEW RENAL ARTERIES FORM from HIGHER in the AORTA - several times so kidneys move up
88
how do the KIDNEYS MOVE during ASCENT
ROTATE MEDIALLY as they SEPARATE (become more lateral) HYLEM face each other BLOOD SUPPLY ALSO CHANGES
89
when does KIDNEY MIGRATION / ASCENT STOP
when come into contact with SUPRARENAL GLANDS

UROGENITAL (19 decks)

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