Random

Question 1

What does a slow rising pulse suggest

Answer 1

Aortic stensois

Question 2

What does a collapsing pulse suggest

Answer 2

Aortic regurg
Patent ductus arteroosis
AV shiunt

Question 3

What does a raised JVP signify

Answer 3

RHF
Fluid overload
Blockage of SVC
Mediastinal compression

Question 4

Splitting S2 what signifies

Answer 4

RBBB or LBBB
ASD

Question 5

Wqhat can S3 signify

Answer 5

Normal
Rapid ventricular filling
LCF
Mitral regurgitiation
VSD
Cardiomyopathy
Pericarditis

Question 6

S4 signifies

Answer 6

Stiff L ventricle and increased aortic contraction

Question 7

COnditions S4

Answer 7

LVH
Post MI
Amyloid HD
HCM

Question 8

Displaced apex beat signifies

Answer 8

LVH
Pneumothorax

Question 9

What is a stroke

Answer 9

Hypoperfusion/ischaemia of brain tissue

Question 10

What doctrine is used in intraparenchymal haemorrhage?

Answer 10

Monroe - kelly - mass effect caused by blood in brain tissue

Question 11

Anterior brain supply

Answer 11

L+R ICAs

Question 12

Posterior brain supply

Answer 12

L + R vertebral

Question 13

What does ICA split into?

Answer 13

ACA, MCA

Question 14

Which artery from ICA is more likely legs or face affected in stroke?

Answer 14

ACA - legs
MCA - face

Question 15

Locked in syndrome is caused by

Answer 15

Basilar artery stroke
Pontine

Question 16

What effect do positive inotropes eg epinephrine have on the heart

Answer 16

Increase contractility

Question 17

Negative inotropes examples and effect on the heart

Answer 17

Beta blockers, CCBs
Decrease contractility

Question 18

Causes of decreased ejection fraction in HF

Answer 18

• Coronary HD
• Muscle damage after MI
• DCM
• HPTN

Question 19

Why can get cardiomegaly with reduced EF

Answer 19

Long term → cardiac remodelling and hypertrophy outwards → cardiomegaly

• Look larger, walls acc thinner and ineffective

Question 20

What causes preserved EF HF

Answer 20

Anything effets filling of ventricle and ability of wall to stretch eg HOTN, CAD, DM, SARCOIDOSIS

Question 21

Diastolic vs systolic HF

Answer 21

Systolic = reduced EF
Diastolic = preserved EF

Question 22

What side HF causes peripheral oedema

Answer 22

Right - systemic back up

Question 23

Bloods for oedema

Answer 23

• U+Es + LFTs
• Albumin - reduced synthesis (liver) or increased excretion (kidney)
• FBC - anaemia
• Thyroid profile
  
  • Hypothyroidism → oedema and fatigue
• Pro-BNP> 400 = HF

Question 24

Raised proBNP causes

Answer 24

CKD
IHD
AF
new LBBB
longstanding HPTN/CAD

Question 25

proBNP levels and management

Answer 25

pro-BNP >400 → ECHO and specialist assessment within 6 weeks

pro-BNP >2000 - urgent review within 2 weeks