Random Flashcards
What is sudenafil? What does it do?
PDE-5 inhibitor eg viagera
causes vasodilation therefore a drop in blood pressure
How do nitrates work?
Cause vasodilation therefore a drop in blood pressure
What is suggestive of aortic dissection on a CXR?
Widened mediastinum
What do you diagnose valvular disease using?
An ECHO
What are the features of cardiac tamponade on an ECHO?
Cardiac chamber collapse
Septal bounce
Inf Vena Cava dilatation
What can septal bounce be indicitive of?
Abnormal septal motion can indicate:
cardiac tamponade, mitral stenosis, left bundle branch block, pericardial syndromes and severe pulmonary hypertension
What is seen on an ECHO if an MI has occured?
Regional wall motion abnormalities
What is a TOE
Trans oesophageal echo cardiagram
Imaging of teh heart using a probe down the oesophagus
Why use TOE over ECHO
Shows greater depth of the heart - 3D rather than 2D
More invasive than ECHO
Less structures for US waves to travel through so clearer picutre
Used to guide in surgery
cardiothoracic, major vascular and transplant operation, often mitral valve surgery
What does a V/Q scan test for? When is it used?
PE, when exposure to radiation by X ray is contraindicated eg pregnancy
How does a V/Q scan work|?
Radioactive material is first breathed in (xenon or techetenium) and images are taken, then a different ( dye-containing technetium) radioactive element is injected and more picutres are taken with a gamma camera.
Organs damaged by hypertension and mechanism of injury
The heart via coronary artery disease.
The brain via aneurysms and stroke. It can damage the aorta via aneurysms and dissection.
The kidneys via renal artery stenosis.
The eyes can be damaged via retinal emboli which are commonly sourced from the carotids.
Qrisk 3 scores
- Chronic kidney disease, which now includes stage 3 CKD
- Migraine
- Corticosteroids
- Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- atypical antipsychotics
- severe mental illness
- erectile dysfunction
- a measure of systolic blood pressure variability
Mechanism how ACEi reduces BP
Angiotensin causes vasoconstriction + release of aldosterone → sodium retention in the kidneys
The reduction in the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II results in:
- Lowered vascular resistance (i.e. vasodilatation)
- Lower sympathetic adrenergic activity
- Promote renal excretion of sodium and wate
What is indicitive of severity in sespsi?
Hyperlactaemia - lactate levels
