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ISCM > RADIOLOGY > Flashcards

RADIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what is the sagittal plane

A

divides the body into left and right

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2
Q

what is the axis plane

A

divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)

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3
Q

what is the coronal plane

A

divides the body into anterior/ventral (front) and posterior/dorsal (back)

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4
Q

what is medical imaging

A

non-invasive visualization of internal organs and tissues

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5
Q

what are the types of imagining modalities

A 
X-ray (radiography)
CT scan (X-ray computed tomography)
MRI (magnetic resonanance imagining)
Nuclear imaging (SPECT,PET)
ultrasound 
mammography 
fluoroscopy
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6
Q

what are plain radiographs

A

commonly known as Xrays
they are two dimensional snapshot images
shadows with five basic densities

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7
Q

projection of x-ray imaging

A
  • image records transmission of x-rays through object
  • image depends upon absorption of x-rays
  • absorption depends upon density and thickness of object and time of exposure
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8
Q

what does the colour intensity mean on an xray

A
  • x-rays that pass through the body to the film reneder the film black
  • x-rays that are totally blocked do not reach the film rendering it white
  • air=low density=xrays pass=image is dark
  • metal=high density=x-rays blocked=image is light
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9
Q

what are the five basic densities you can tell on an x-ray

A 
air density-black
fat density-light grey 
soft tissue-brighter than fat
bone-most white normal structure
metal-absolute white (can be labels on the film/ any metal implants)
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10
Q

what is an ultrasound

A

the bouncing of high frequency sound waves back from an object producing an image based on returning echoes

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11
Q

what does ultrasound tell us

A
  • normal organ/structure
  • diffuse disease causing change in echogenicity
  • presence of focal lesions
  • obstruction/dilation
  • blood blow patterns and stenosis
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12
Q

what are the advantages of an ultrasound

A

no radiation
portable
instantaneous
excellent for cysts and fluids
doppler ultrasound is excellent to assess blood flow
excelled for newbron brain, thyroid,gall bladder, female pelvis etc

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13
Q

disadvantages of ultrasound

A

does not work well in large or obese patients
resolution less than CT and MRI
air or bowel gas prevents visualization of structures

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14
Q

when to use a CT and when to use an MRI

A

CT is faster and less expensive
CT is used in emergency and good for bones and lungs
MRI is good for brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

how can you differentiate between an MRI T1 and T2 image

A

using the CSF (cerebral spinal fluid )

in T1 it is dark and in T2 imaging it is bright

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16
Q

what is an MRI

A

strong magnet fields aligns the spin of protons of water molecules in the body. the protons absorb energy and flip their spins and when the magnetic field is turned off they gradually return to the normal positions releasing radio signals. this produces slices which can be stacked to form a 3D image like CT scans

17
Q

advantages of an MRI

A

no overlapping
excellent resolution
very good at detecting fluid
excellent imaging for the brain,spine and joints
no radiation
multiple imaging tests within the same study eg T1 and T2

18
Q

disadvantages of an MRI

A

very expensive
patients cannot have a pacemaker or ferromagnetic material
slower to acquire images aprox 45min

19
Q

what are the advantages of a CT scan

A

eliminates overlapping densities
excellent resolution
excellent for detecting intracranial bleeding
excellent in the neck, chest and abdomen
excellent for evaluating fractures

20
Q

what are the disadvantages of a CT scan

A

more expensive than an xray and ultrasound
more radiation
dense bone and metal cause severe artifacts

21
Q

what is nuclear medicine ( scintigraphy)

A 
detector records emission of gamma photons from radioisotopes introduced into the body 
source s(x,y,z) usually represents a selective uptake of a radio labeled pharmaceutical
22
Q

what is endoscopy

A

it is putting a tiny camera on a flexible tube into some body part

23
Q

give examples of endoscopy

A

gastroscopy - through the mouth into the stomach
colonoscopy - through the back entrance to the colon
rhinoscopy - up the nose
laproscopy - in the abdomen
arthroscopy - into a joint

24
Q

what are the different parts of a long bone

A 
cortex 
medullary cavity(marrow)
diaphysis 
metaphysis 
epiphysis
25
Q

what is the diaphysis

A

the shaft of the long bone

26
Q

what is the metaphysis

A

the tapered part of the bone

27
Q

what is the epiphysis

A

at the end of each long bone

28
Q

where is the growth plate in children

A

between the epiphysis and the metaphysis

29
Q

why do we use CT scans for tumors

A

delineates tumors extent- see spread
soft tissue extension
presence of calcification
biopsy

30
Q

when do we use ultrasound

A
  • evaluation of rotator cuff
  • injuries to various tendons
  • evaluation of the infant hip

ISCM (19 decks)

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