ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 1

What is an endocrine gland

Answer 1

a gland which secretes hormones directly into the blood

Question 2

what is the difference between an exocrine and endocrine gland

Answer 2

exocrine secrete into a duct on to external surfaces and endocrine secrete directly into the blood

Question 3

what are the similarities of the nervous system and the endocrine system

Answer 3

rely on chemical messengers
respond to stimuli
work via feedback loops
maintain homeostasis

Question 4

differences between the nervous system and endocrine system

Answer 4

endocrine is slow and nervous is fast
hormones via blood and signals via neurons
hormones long lasting and signals short acting

Question 5

what is a hormone

Answer 5

chemical messengers secreted by a gland that affect target organs

Question 6

what is the function of the hypothalamus

Answer 6

regulation of metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system
synthesises and secretes releasing or inhibitory hormones which then stimulate and inhibit pituitary hormones
-links the nervous to the endocrine system

Question 7

where does the pituitary gland lie

Answer 7

right below the hypothalamus and sits in the pituitary fossa in the sphenoid bone

Question 8

what covers the superior surface of the gland

Answer 8

dura matter which allows passage of the infundibulum

Question 9

what are the three parts of the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 9

pars anterior 
pars intermedia 
pars tuberalis (wraps around the piuatry stalk/infundibulum)

Question 10

what are the two parts of the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 10

pars nervosa

infundibulum

Question 11

what two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete

Answer 11

ADH-controls blood osmolarity

oxytocin-involved in milk secretion and child birth

Question 12

what two hypothalamic nuclei are present in the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 12

paraventricular

supraoptic

Question 13

what is the function of the paraventricular nucleus

Answer 13

oxytocin release

Question 14

what is the function of the supraoptic nucleus

Answer 14

ADH release

Question 15

what two arteries supply the pituitary gland

Answer 15

superior and inferior hypophyseal artery off the internal carotid artery

Question 16

what is the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

Answer 16

connection between he hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

Question 17

which blood vessel is mainly in the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

Answer 17

superior hypophyseal artery

Question 18

what is the thyrotropin releasing hormone

Answer 18

produced in the hypothalamus and drain into the portal and then simulate the anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 19

what happens at the medial eminence

Answer 19

this is where the inhibiting or stimulating hormones re released into the portal and to the pituitary gland

Question 20

which cells secrete the inhibitory or stimulating hormones

Answer 20

hypothalamic neurosecrtory cells

Question 21

what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete ( REMEMBER - the mnemonic is These Leave From Anterior Pituitary Gland )

Answer 21

Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
Lutenising hormone LH
Follicle stimulating hormone FSH 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH 
Prolactin 
Growth hormone GH

Question 22

which cells produce GH and prolactin

Answer 22

Acidohil cells

Question 23

which cells produce TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH

Answer 23

basophil

Question 24

what are cromophobes

Answer 24

cells which dont stain well

Question 25

what does the pineal gland produce

Answer 25

melatonin which helps moderate sleep

Question 26

where does the pineal gland get its blood supply from

Answer 26

vascular branch posterior cerebral artery

Question 27

what connects the right and left lobe of the thyroid gland

Answer 27

isthmus

Question 28

what does the thyroid gland produce

Answer 28

triidothyronine T3 | thyroxine T4

Question 29

where does the superior and anterior thyroid gland get its blood supply from

Answer 29

superior thyroid artery from the external carotid artery

Question 30

where does the inferior and posterior thyroid get its blood supply from

Answer 30

inferior thyroid from the subclavian artery

Question 31

where does the anterior isthmus get its blood supply from

Answer 31

thyroid ima artery from brachiocephalic trunk

Question 32

which vein drains the superior thyroid

Answer 32

superior thyroid vein into internal jugular vein

Question 33

which vein drains the inferior thyroid

Answer 33

inferior thyroid vein into brachiocephalic vein

Question 34

how many parathyroid glands are there and where do they sit

Answer 34

4 and sit posterior to the thyroid

Question 35

what hormone do parathyroid glands release and what is the function

Answer 35

release parathyroid hormone which controls the calcium concentrations

Question 36

what is another name for adrenal glands

Answer 36

suprarenal glands

Question 37

what are the two regions of the adrenal gland

Answer 37

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Question 38

what are the three layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 38

zona glomerulosa outer zona fasiculata middle zona reticularis inner

Question 39

what cells make up the zona glomerulosa and whats the function

Answer 39

mineralocorticoids which maintain salt and water balance

Question 40

what cells make up zona fasiculata and whats the function

Answer 40

glucocorticoids which maintain glucose balance

Question 41

what cells make up zona reticularis and whats the function

Answer 41

androgens which are male sex hormones

Question 42

what cells make up the adrenal medulla and whats the function

Answer 42

catecholamines which produce adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 43

what is the adrenal gland supplied by

Answer 43

superior, middle and inferior adrenal artery

Question 44

where does the adrenal gland drain

Answer 44

the right one drains into the right adrenal vein straight into the vena cava and the left adrenal vein drains into other veins before the vena cava