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ISCM > ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is an endocrine gland

A

a gland which secretes hormones directly into the blood

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2
Q

what is the difference between an exocrine and endocrine gland

A

exocrine secrete into a duct on to external surfaces and endocrine secrete directly into the blood

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3
Q

what are the similarities of the nervous system and the endocrine system

A

rely on chemical messengers
respond to stimuli
work via feedback loops
maintain homeostasis

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4
Q

differences between the nervous system and endocrine system

A

endocrine is slow and nervous is fast
hormones via blood and signals via neurons
hormones long lasting and signals short acting

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5
Q

what is a hormone

A

chemical messengers secreted by a gland that affect target organs

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6
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

regulation of metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system
synthesises and secretes releasing or inhibitory hormones which then stimulate and inhibit pituitary hormones
-links the nervous to the endocrine system

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7
Q

where does the pituitary gland lie

A

right below the hypothalamus and sits in the pituitary fossa in the sphenoid bone

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8
Q

what covers the superior surface of the gland

A

dura matter which allows passage of the infundibulum

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9
Q

what are the three parts of the anterior pituitary gland

A 
pars anterior 
pars intermedia 
pars tuberalis (wraps around the piuatry stalk/infundibulum)
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10
Q

what are the two parts of the posterior pituitary gland

A

pars nervosa

infundibulum

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11
Q

what two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete

A

ADH-controls blood osmolarity

oxytocin-involved in milk secretion and child birth

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12
Q

what two hypothalamic nuclei are present in the posterior pituitary gland

A

paraventricular

supraoptic

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13
Q

what is the function of the paraventricular nucleus

A

oxytocin release

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14
Q

what is the function of the supraoptic nucleus

A

ADH release

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15
Q

what two arteries supply the pituitary gland

A

superior and inferior hypophyseal artery off the internal carotid artery

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16
Q

what is the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

A

connection between he hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

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17
Q

which blood vessel is mainly in the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

A

superior hypophyseal artery

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18
Q

what is the thyrotropin releasing hormone

A

produced in the hypothalamus and drain into the portal and then simulate the anterior pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone

19
Q

what happens at the medial eminence

A

this is where the inhibiting or stimulating hormones re released into the portal and to the pituitary gland

20
Q

which cells secrete the inhibitory or stimulating hormones

A

hypothalamic neurosecrtory cells

21
Q

what hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete ( REMEMBER - the mnemonic is These Leave From Anterior Pituitary Gland )

A 
Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
Lutenising hormone LH
Follicle stimulating hormone FSH 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH 
Prolactin 
Growth hormone GH
22
Q

which cells produce GH and prolactin

A

Acidohil cells

23
Q

which cells produce TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH

A

basophil

24
Q

what are cromophobes

A

cells which dont stain well

25
Q

what does the pineal gland produce

A

melatonin which helps moderate sleep

26
Q

where does the pineal gland get its blood supply from

A

vascular branch posterior cerebral artery

27
Q

what connects the right and left lobe of the thyroid gland

A

isthmus

28
Q

what does the thyroid gland produce

A

triidothyronine T3

thyroxine T4

29
Q

where does the superior and anterior thyroid gland get its blood supply from

A

superior thyroid artery from the external carotid artery

30
Q

where does the inferior and posterior thyroid get its blood supply from

A

inferior thyroid from the subclavian artery

31
Q

where does the anterior isthmus get its blood supply from

A

thyroid ima artery from brachiocephalic trunk

32
Q

which vein drains the superior thyroid

A

superior thyroid vein into internal jugular vein

33
Q

which vein drains the inferior thyroid

A

inferior thyroid vein into brachiocephalic vein

34
Q

how many parathyroid glands are there and where do they sit

A

4 and sit posterior to the thyroid

35
Q

what hormone do parathyroid glands release and what is the function

A

release parathyroid hormone which controls the calcium concentrations

36
Q

what is another name for adrenal glands

A

suprarenal glands

37
Q

what are the two regions of the adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

38
Q

what are the three layers of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa outer
zona fasiculata middle
zona reticularis inner

39
Q

what cells make up the zona glomerulosa and whats the function

A

mineralocorticoids which maintain salt and water balance

40
Q

what cells make up zona fasiculata and whats the function

A

glucocorticoids which maintain glucose balance

41
Q

what cells make up zona reticularis and whats the function

A

androgens which are male sex hormones

42
Q

what cells make up the adrenal medulla and whats the function

A

catecholamines which produce adrenaline and noradrenaline

43
Q

what is the adrenal gland supplied by

A

superior, middle and inferior adrenal artery

44
Q

where does the adrenal gland drain

A

the right one drains into the right adrenal vein straight into the vena cava and the left adrenal vein drains into other veins before the vena cava

ISCM (19 decks)

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