KIDNEY ANATOMY

Question 1

where does the left kidney lie

Answer 1

T12-L3

Question 2

what gland lies onto of the kidney

Answer 2

suprarenal gland

Question 3

what are the three layers of the kidney

Answer 3

renal fascia outer most
adipose
tough renal capsule inner most

Question 4

what is the outer and inner part of the kidney called

Answer 4

outer is cortex and inner is medulla

Question 5

what are the sub divisions of the medulla called

Answer 5

pyramids

Question 6

what are the ends of the pyramids called

Answer 6

papilla

Question 7

what are the two layers of the cortex

Answer 7

outer cortical and inner juxtamedullary

Question 8

what are the layers of the bladder from outer to inner

Answer 8

fibrous adventitia
detrusor muscle
transitional epithelium

Question 9

what are the rugae

Answer 9

inside the bladder and contract when the bladder is empty

Question 10

what is the trigone region in the bladder

Answer 10

where the two ureters and the urethra form a sort of triangle

Question 11

what happens when the bladder is full (to the detrusor muscle and the internal sphincter )

Answer 11

detrusor muscle contracts and the sphincter relaxes

Question 12

what is he difference in the muscle making up the external and internal sphincter

Answer 12

internal is made of smooth muscle so involuntary and external is made of skeletal and can be controlled

Question 13

what major artery does the renal artery stem from

Answer 13

abdominal aorta

Question 14

which major vein does the renal vein stem from

Answer 14

inferior vena cava

Question 15

which region does the renal artery come off

Answer 15

L1-L2

Question 16

what are the sections of the renal artery eg from renal artery to the arterioles

Answer 16

renal artery
segmental artery 
interlobar arteries 
arcuate arteries 
cortical radiate artery/interlobular artery 
afferent arterioles

Question 17

what blood vessels enter and leave the glomerulus

Answer 17

afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole

Question 18

what blood vessels does the left renal vein drain

Answer 18

the left gonadal and the left suprarenal vein

Question 19

where do the right gonadal and right suprarenal vein drain into

Answer 19

directly into the IVC

Question 20

What is the arterial supply for the bladder in males and females

Answer 20

Males-superior and inferior vesicle arteries from the internal iliac artery

Females- same as males but also the vaginal artery from the internal iliac artery

Question 21

What is the venous drainage route

Answer 21

Internal iliac— common iliac— IVC

Question 22

Where does the sympathetic innervation come from

Answer 22

Splanchnic nerves T10-L1

Question 23

Where does the parasympathetic innervation come from

Answer 23

Vagus nerve

Question 24

Where do the nerve fibres enter

Answer 24

At the hilum

Question 25

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system in the bladder. Name the innervation level eg T something

Answer 25

To hold the urine. Relaxes the detrusor muscle and constricts internal sphincter to hold the pee. T-12-l2

Question 26

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system in the bladder. Name the innervation level

Answer 26

P makes you pee. Contracts detrusor and relaxes internal sphincter making you pee. S2-S4

Question 27

What does the somatic nervous system do. What nerve and innervation level is it

Answer 27

Voluntary control of peeing. Pudendal nerve S2-S4

Question 28

What are the two types of nephrons

Answer 28

Cortical and juxtamedullary

Question 29

Which type of nephron is present in a higher concentration

Answer 29

Cortical which is 80-85% and juxtamedullary is 15-20%

Question 30

What is the main difference in the loop of henle between the two types of nephrons

Answer 30

The cortical loop of henle is shorter and barely enters the medulla while the juxtamedullary one is longer and descends towards the renal papilla ( near the renal pelvis )

Question 31

What structures make up the renal corpuscle

Answer 31

Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus

Question 32

What structures make up the renal tubule

Answer 32

Proximal and distal convoluted tubule and the loop of henle

Question 33

What is the glomerular filtration rate GFR

Answer 33

The rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli

Question 34

What creates the pressure in the glomerulus

Answer 34

The afferent arteriolar has a wider lumen than the efferent arteriole and so there’s high pressure resulting in plasma filtration

Question 35

What are two types of cells near the glomerulus and their position

Answer 35

The juxtraglomerular outside the afferent arteriole and macula densa near the ascending loop of henle

Question 36

What is the purpose ofmesangial cells

Answer 36

Protection

Question 37

What do podocytes do

Answer 37

Act as a barrier and only allow neutral substances of 4nm through

Question 38

What type of substances can’t pass through and why

Answer 38

Negatively charged and bigger than 8nm. The glomerular basement membrane is negatively charged and so it repels them

Question 39

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus made up of

Answer 39

Macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells

Question 40

What is the function of macula densa cells

Answer 40

Sense changes in solute concentration in the distant convoluted tubule so then cause vaso constriction/dilation in the afferent arteriole

Question 41

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 41

Secrete renin which increase Na + reabsorption and so increases

Question 42

What type of cells line the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 42

Simple cuboidal epithelium with micro villi

Question 43

What type of cells line the thin loop of henle

Answer 43

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 44

What type of cells line the thick loop of henle

Answer 44

Simple cuboidal and no brush border

Question 45

What type of cells make up the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 45

Simple cuboidal epithelium but no brush border

Question 46

What type of cells make up the collecting duct

Answer 46

Simple cuboidal epithelium and intercalated and principle cells

Question 47

What is the function of principal cells and intercalated cells

Answer 47

Principal- main Na+ reabsorbing cells Intercalated- maintains acid base balance

Question 48

What cells lie the minor/Major calyces, renal pelvis,ureters and bladder

Answer 48

Urinary transitional epithelium

Question 49

What is the main feature of urinary transitional epithelium

Answer 49

It allows for expansion and contraction so allows the bladder to hold urine