KIDNEY ANATOMY Flashcards
where does the left kidney lie
T12-L3
what gland lies onto of the kidney
suprarenal gland
what are the three layers of the kidney
renal fascia outer most
adipose
tough renal capsule inner most
what is the outer and inner part of the kidney called
outer is cortex and inner is medulla
what are the sub divisions of the medulla called
pyramids
what are the ends of the pyramids called
papilla
what are the two layers of the cortex
outer cortical and inner juxtamedullary
what are the layers of the bladder from outer to inner
fibrous adventitia
detrusor muscle
transitional epithelium
what are the rugae
inside the bladder and contract when the bladder is empty
what is the trigone region in the bladder
where the two ureters and the urethra form a sort of triangle
what happens when the bladder is full (to the detrusor muscle and the internal sphincter )
detrusor muscle contracts and the sphincter relaxes
what is he difference in the muscle making up the external and internal sphincter
internal is made of smooth muscle so involuntary and external is made of skeletal and can be controlled
what major artery does the renal artery stem from
abdominal aorta
which major vein does the renal vein stem from
inferior vena cava
which region does the renal artery come off
L1-L2
what are the sections of the renal artery eg from renal artery to the arterioles
renal artery segmental artery interlobar arteries arcuate arteries cortical radiate artery/interlobular artery afferent arterioles
what blood vessels enter and leave the glomerulus
afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole
what blood vessels does the left renal vein drain
the left gonadal and the left suprarenal vein
where do the right gonadal and right suprarenal vein drain into
directly into the IVC
What is the arterial supply for the bladder in males and females
Males-superior and inferior vesicle arteries from the internal iliac artery
Females- same as males but also the vaginal artery from the internal iliac artery
What is the venous drainage route
Internal iliac— common iliac— IVC
Where does the sympathetic innervation come from
Splanchnic nerves T10-L1
Where does the parasympathetic innervation come from
Vagus nerve
Where do the nerve fibres enter
At the hilum
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system in the bladder. Name the innervation level eg T something
To hold the urine. Relaxes the detrusor muscle and constricts internal sphincter to hold the pee. T-12-l2
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system in the bladder. Name the innervation level
P makes you pee. Contracts detrusor and relaxes internal sphincter making you pee. S2-S4
What does the somatic nervous system do. What nerve and innervation level is it
Voluntary control of peeing. Pudendal nerve S2-S4
What are the two types of nephrons
Cortical and juxtamedullary
Which type of nephron is present in a higher concentration
Cortical which is 80-85% and juxtamedullary is 15-20%
What is the main difference in the loop of henle between the two types of nephrons
The cortical loop of henle is shorter and barely enters the medulla while the juxtamedullary one is longer and descends towards the renal papilla ( near the renal pelvis )
What structures make up the renal corpuscle
Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus
What structures make up the renal tubule
Proximal and distal convoluted tubule and the loop of henle
What is the glomerular filtration rate GFR
The rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli
What creates the pressure in the glomerulus
The afferent arteriolar has a wider lumen than the efferent arteriole and so there’s high pressure resulting in plasma filtration
What are two types of cells near the glomerulus and their position
The juxtraglomerular outside the afferent arteriole and macula densa near the ascending loop of henle
What is the purpose ofmesangial cells
Protection
What do podocytes do
Act as a barrier and only allow neutral substances of 4nm through
What type of substances can’t pass through and why
Negatively charged and bigger than 8nm. The glomerular basement membrane is negatively charged and so it repels them
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus made up of
Macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells
What is the function of macula densa cells
Sense changes in solute concentration in the distant convoluted tubule so then cause vaso constriction/dilation in the afferent arteriole
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells
Secrete renin which increase Na + reabsorption and so increases
What type of cells line the proximal convoluted tubule
Simple cuboidal epithelium with micro villi
What type of cells line the thin loop of henle
Simple squamous epithelium
What type of cells line the thick loop of henle
Simple cuboidal and no brush border
What type of cells make up the distal convoluted tubule
Simple cuboidal epithelium but no brush border
What type of cells make up the collecting duct
Simple cuboidal epithelium and intercalated and principle cells
What is the function of principal cells and intercalated cells
Principal- main Na+ reabsorbing cells
Intercalated- maintains acid base balance
What cells lie the minor/Major calyces, renal pelvis,ureters and bladder
Urinary transitional epithelium
What is the main feature of urinary transitional epithelium
It allows for expansion and contraction so allows the bladder to hold urine
