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ISCM > KIDNEY ANATOMY > Flashcards

KIDNEY ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

where does the left kidney lie

A

T12-L3

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2
Q

what gland lies onto of the kidney

A

suprarenal gland

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3
Q

what are the three layers of the kidney

A

renal fascia outer most
adipose
tough renal capsule inner most

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4
Q

what is the outer and inner part of the kidney called

A

outer is cortex and inner is medulla

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5
Q

what are the sub divisions of the medulla called

A

pyramids

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6
Q

what are the ends of the pyramids called

A

papilla

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7
Q

what are the two layers of the cortex

A

outer cortical and inner juxtamedullary

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8
Q

what are the layers of the bladder from outer to inner

A

fibrous adventitia
detrusor muscle
transitional epithelium

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9
Q

what are the rugae

A

inside the bladder and contract when the bladder is empty

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10
Q

what is the trigone region in the bladder

A

where the two ureters and the urethra form a sort of triangle

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11
Q

what happens when the bladder is full (to the detrusor muscle and the internal sphincter )

A

detrusor muscle contracts and the sphincter relaxes

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12
Q

what is he difference in the muscle making up the external and internal sphincter

A

internal is made of smooth muscle so involuntary and external is made of skeletal and can be controlled

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13
Q

what major artery does the renal artery stem from

A

abdominal aorta

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14
Q

which major vein does the renal vein stem from

A

inferior vena cava

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15
Q

which region does the renal artery come off

A

L1-L2

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16
Q

what are the sections of the renal artery eg from renal artery to the arterioles

A 
renal artery
segmental artery 
interlobar arteries 
arcuate arteries 
cortical radiate artery/interlobular artery 
afferent arterioles
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17
Q

what blood vessels enter and leave the glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole

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18
Q

what blood vessels does the left renal vein drain

A

the left gonadal and the left suprarenal vein

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19
Q

where do the right gonadal and right suprarenal vein drain into

A

directly into the IVC

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20
Q

What is the arterial supply for the bladder in males and females

A

Males-superior and inferior vesicle arteries from the internal iliac artery

Females- same as males but also the vaginal artery from the internal iliac artery

21
Q

What is the venous drainage route

A

Internal iliac— common iliac— IVC

22
Q

Where does the sympathetic innervation come from

A

Splanchnic nerves T10-L1

23
Q

Where does the parasympathetic innervation come from

A

Vagus nerve

24
Q

Where do the nerve fibres enter

A

At the hilum

25
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system in the bladder. Name the innervation level eg T something

A

To hold the urine. Relaxes the detrusor muscle and constricts internal sphincter to hold the pee. T-12-l2

26
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system in the bladder. Name the innervation level

A

P makes you pee. Contracts detrusor and relaxes internal sphincter making you pee. S2-S4

27
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do. What nerve and innervation level is it

A

Voluntary control of peeing. Pudendal nerve S2-S4

28
Q

What are the two types of nephrons

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary

29
Q

Which type of nephron is present in a higher concentration

A

Cortical which is 80-85% and juxtamedullary is 15-20%

30
Q

What is the main difference in the loop of henle between the two types of nephrons

A

The cortical loop of henle is shorter and barely enters the medulla while the juxtamedullary one is longer and descends towards the renal papilla ( near the renal pelvis )

31
Q

What structures make up the renal corpuscle

A

Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus

32
Q

What structures make up the renal tubule

A

Proximal and distal convoluted tubule and the loop of henle

33
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate GFR

A

The rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli

34
Q

What creates the pressure in the glomerulus

A

The afferent arteriolar has a wider lumen than the efferent arteriole and so there’s high pressure resulting in plasma filtration

35
Q

What are two types of cells near the glomerulus and their position

A

The juxtraglomerular outside the afferent arteriole and macula densa near the ascending loop of henle

36
Q

What is the purpose ofmesangial cells

A

Protection

37
Q

What do podocytes do

A

Act as a barrier and only allow neutral substances of 4nm through

38
Q

What type of substances can’t pass through and why

A

Negatively charged and bigger than 8nm. The glomerular basement membrane is negatively charged and so it repels them

39
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus made up of

A

Macula densa and juxtaglomerular cells

40
Q

What is the function of macula densa cells

A

Sense changes in solute concentration in the distant convoluted tubule so then cause vaso constriction/dilation in the afferent arteriole

41
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells

A

Secrete renin which increase Na + reabsorption and so increases

42
Q

What type of cells line the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium with micro villi

43
Q

What type of cells line the thin loop of henle

A

Simple squamous epithelium

44
Q

What type of cells line the thick loop of henle

A

Simple cuboidal and no brush border

45
Q

What type of cells make up the distal convoluted tubule

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium but no brush border

46
Q

What type of cells make up the collecting duct

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium and intercalated and principle cells

47
Q

What is the function of principal cells and intercalated cells

A

Principal- main Na+ reabsorbing cells

Intercalated- maintains acid base balance

48
Q

What cells lie the minor/Major calyces, renal pelvis,ureters and bladder

A

Urinary transitional epithelium

49
Q

What is the main feature of urinary transitional epithelium

A

It allows for expansion and contraction so allows the bladder to hold urine

ISCM (19 decks)

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