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ISCM > ANATOMY OF PELVIS ANORECTUM AND PERITONEUM > Flashcards

ANATOMY OF PELVIS ANORECTUM AND PERITONEUM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the pelvis

A

false/greater and true/lesser pelvis

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2
Q

what makes up the false pelvis

A

from the iliac crest to pubic symphysis

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3
Q

what makes up the true pelvis

A

pubic symphysis to the sacrum

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4
Q

what is the pelvic floor and pelvic outlet made of

A

pelvic floor is muscles and ligaments and the pelvic outlet is formed by the perineum

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5
Q

where do the perineal membrane lie

A

inferiorly to the anterior part of the pelvic floor

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6
Q

what three ligaments attach to the pelvic wall

A

sacrospinous ligament
sacrotuberous ligament
obturator membrane (the circular part)

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7
Q

what is the function of the ligaments

A

stabilize the sacrum to the pelvis and keeps it in line

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8
Q

what are apertures

A

tiny holes or openings

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9
Q

what does the sacrospinous ligament divide

A

the sciatic foramen into a greater one superiorly and a lesser one inferiorly

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10
Q

what aperture does the obturator membrane cause

A

obturator canal

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11
Q

what two muscles are part of the lateral pelvic wall

A

piriformis and obturator internus

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12
Q

where does the piriformis attach

A

from the sacrum through the greater sciatic foramen to the greater trochanter of the femur

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13
Q

what nerves innervate the piriformis

A

brnaches from S1 and S2

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14
Q

what is the function of the piriformis

A

laterally rotates the hip joint and abducts the hip

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15
Q

where does the obturator muscle attach

A

to the obturator and surrounding bone ( looks like a fan)

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16
Q

which nerves innervate the obturator internus

A

from L5 and S1

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17
Q

what is the function of the obturator internus

A

laterally rotates the hip joint anf abducts the hip

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18
Q

what muscle is part of the inferolateral part of the pelvic wall

A

ischiococcygeus/coccygeus

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19
Q

where does the ischiococcygeus attach

A

from ischial spine to the coccyx

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20
Q

which nerve innervates the ischiococcygeus

A

S3 and S4

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21
Q

what is the function of ischiococcygeus

A

pulls the coccyx forward after defecation

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22
Q

what muscles make up the pelvic floor

A

levator ani muscles

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23
Q

what are the levator ani muscles

A

muscle pairs which originate from each pelvic wall and meet in the middle

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24
Q

what are the two openings in the levator ani muscles

A

urogenital hiatus - passage for urethra and vagina

rectal hiatus - passage for anal canal

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25
Q

what structure do the levator ani muscles cover

A

the lesser sciatic foramen

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26
Q

what three muscles make up the levator ani

A

pubococcygeus
puborectalis
iliococcygeus

27
Q

what nerves innervate the levator ani

A

anterior rami of S4

pudendal nerve S2-S4

28
Q

what is the main muscle involved in defecation

A

puborectalis

29
Q

what happens to the anorectal angle and puborectalis during continence (resting)

A

the anorectal angle is maintained

contraction of puborectalis

30
Q

what happens to the anorectal angle and puborectalis during defecation

A

the anorectal angle straightens

relaxation of puborectalis

31
Q

what two structures of the perineal pouch are common in both males and females

A

external urethral sphincter and deep transverse perineal muscles

32
Q

what two muscles do women have in the perineal pouch and what do they do

A

sphincter urethrovaginalis
compressor urethrae
facilitate the closing of the urethra

33
Q

where is the sphincter urethrovaginalis

A

surrounds the urethra and vaginal hiatus

34
Q

where is the compressor urethrae

A

from ischiopubic rami to the urethra

35
Q

what nerve innervates the perineal pouch

A

pudenal nerve S2 to S4

36
Q

what muscle forms the perineal body

A

deep transverse perineal muscles

37
Q

what are two shared structure/fold in the peritoneum common to both males and females

A

median umbilical fold

medial umbilical fold

38
Q

what part the rectum is not covered/partially covered by the peritoneum

A

middle third partly

lower third not

39
Q

where are the median and medial umbilical folds

A

the medial one is more superior than the median

40
Q

what are two pouches found in the peritoneum of women

A

vesico-uterine

recto-uterine (pouch of douglas)

41
Q

what pouch is found in the peritoneum of males

A

rectovesical

42
Q

what are fascia lines

A

they cover the pelvic walls and cavity forming sheaths around vessels and nerves

43
Q

what are the two types of fascia in males

A

prostatic fascia

retrovesical septum

44
Q

where does the rectum extend from

A

from the sigmoid colon at S3. ends as it passes through elevator ani. Stops 15cm from the anal orifice

45
Q

what are the three lateral curves in the rectum

A

curves right at the upper part
curves really left in middle
curves right at the end

46
Q

what are the 2 semi lunar transverse folds

A

mucosa which is circular and longitudinal muscle - can see it externally
devoid of longitudinal muscle

47
Q

which direction does the rectum move in relation to the sacrum

A

posteriorly in concavity with the sacrum then curves anteriorly

48
Q

what is the anorectal flexure

A

when the rectum curves from anterior to posterior

49
Q

where is the anorectal flexure in males and females

A

in males its at the level of the prostate and in females its slightly below the coccyx

50
Q

what landmark can it be used to palpate in females

A

he posterior all of the vagina and cervix

51
Q

where does the anal canal begin

A

at the end of the rectal ampulla

52
Q

what is the pectineal line

A

divides the anus into upper and lower regions

53
Q

what type of muscle lines the upper part of the anus

A

mucosa and is formed by anal columns and they combine at the pectineal line to form anal values

54
Q

what type of muscle lines the lower part of the anus

A

nonkeritanised stratified squamous epithelium

55
Q

what is the anocutaneous line

A

ends the anal pecten and becomes true skin leading to the anal orifice

56
Q

what is the anal sphincter complex

A

made up of the internal and external anal sphincters

57
Q

what is the structure of the internal sphincter

A

its a tight spiral either side of the rectum

58
Q

where does the external sphincter attach

A

posteriorly to the anococcygeal and posteriorly to the perineal body

59
Q

where is the perineum located

A

inferior to the pelvic floor and between the thighs

60
Q

what are the two triangle kind of parts of the perineum

A

the urogenital triangle which is anterior and inferior

the anal triangle which is inferior and posterior at 120 degrees to the urogenital triangle

61
Q

what nerve innervates the anal triangle

A

rectal branch of the pudenal and anterior rami S4

62
Q

describe the structure of the ischioanal fossa

A

funnel shape on the pelvic floor

63
Q

what muscles/ligaments form the ischioanal fossa

A

ischium wall, obturator internus and sacrotuberous ligament

64
Q

what structures are attached to the superficial perineal pouch

A

roots and joining of the erectile structures that form the external genitalia

ISCM (19 decks)

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