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ISCM > MICROBIOLOGY > Flashcards

MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what is an infectious disease

A

disease caused by microbial invasion/multiplication

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2
Q

what is the difference between a communicable disease and a contagious disease

A

communicable disease is an infectious disease that spreads through a path e.g. through water whereas contagious disease is one that passes between hosts

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3
Q

what is the 5 kingdoms of classification in order

A

kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species ( KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP)

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4
Q

whats the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote

A

prokaryote is unicellular while eukaryotes are multicellular

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5
Q

whats the difference in structure between prokaryote and eukaryote

A
  • prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes
  • prokaryotes have no carbohydrates and lacks sterols whereas eukaryotes have both
  • prokaryotes have 50s and 30s subunits whereas eukaryotes have 60s and 40s subunits
  • prokaryotes have 1 chromosome free floating and eukaryotes have multiple chromosomes
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6
Q

what are the different shapes of bacteria (six of them)

A 
bacilli-rod
cocci-shpere
ovococci-oval
spirrilum- spiral
vibrio-comma
spirochaetes-zig zag
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7
Q

what are the names of different arrangement

A

chains of cooci-streptococcus spp
clusters of cocci-staphylococcus
pair of cocci/diplococci-streptococcus pneumoniae

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8
Q

what is a bacterial capsule made of

A

polysaccharide

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the bacterial capsule

A

for immune resistance/evasion

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10
Q

what are the layers of the exoskeleton(outside to inside)

A

endoflagella-axial filament-cell membrane-periplasmic space

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11
Q

what is the cell wall made of

A

sugars linked by a small amino acid chain

N-acetyl-glucosamine and N-acetyl-muramic acid

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12
Q

whats the purpose of a cell wall

A
  • cell shape determines growth,motility/reproduction
  • restricts the transit of large molecules
  • resistance to osmotic pressure
  • aids in immune evasion
  • assembly of proteins with various functions
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13
Q

whats the difference between gram positive and gram negative

A

gram positive has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and a single layer underneath whereas the gram negative has a thin peptidoglycan cell wall and has two layers and has an outer lipposaccharide layer

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14
Q

what features do bacteria have

A

flagellum-to swim

fimbriae/pilus-for attachment to surfaces

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15
Q

what is a virus structure

A

it is acellular and has no metabolic capability

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16
Q

where does it get its energy

A

from harnessing the molecular machinery of the host cell

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17
Q

what kind of parasite is a virus

A

non-cellular obligate (needs a host)

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18
Q

how is the shape of a virus decided

A

by its protein caspid which also protects the genetic materials inside

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19
Q

what is the life cycle of a virus

A

adsorption-penetration-uncoating-early transcription-early translation-dna synthesis and late transcription-late translation-condensation-assembly-release

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20
Q

describe the process of the virus infection

A

first the viral capsid enters the cells nucleus and then there is synthesis of early mRNA which then synthesises proteins such as DNA polymerase. then the viral DNA and late mRNA leads to synthesis of late proteins such as capsid proteins which then enter the nucleus and the viral capsids are then released and they then invade other cells

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21
Q

how does fungi grow

A

binary fission

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22
Q

what is a fungal cell wall made of

A

chitin based- N-acetylglucosamine homopolymer

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23
Q

how does the fungal cell wall fold

A

it folds on itself enabling hydrogen bonds to form and it often binds to beta 1-3 glucan that anchors proteins

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24
Q

what is the fungal membrane made of

A

ergosterol

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25
Q

in what environment is it typically comfortable growing in

A

pH 5 , low moisture , at high osmotic pressure (lots of sugar and salt)

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26
Q

features of the protista/eukaryotes

A

unicellular eukaryotes and can ingest complex food particles through the cytostome

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27
Q

how do Protozoa move

A

amebas-move by extending cytoplasmic projections

flagellates-move by rotating whip like flagella

ciliates-move by synchronous beating of hair like cilia

sporozoa-generally non mobile

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28
Q

what are the stages of protozoa growth cycle

A

cyst-resistance stage thickened cell wall

trophozite-stage that actively feeds and multiples

flagellated-temporary non feeding stage

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29
Q

what is the name for parasitic worms and what are the two main categories

A

helminths divided into plathelminthes/flatworms (flat and have no true body cavity) and nemathelminthes/roundworms (worm like, separate sex, unsegmented roundworms)

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30
Q

what are the different classes of flatworms

A

Cestoda/tapeworms and Trematoda/flukes

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31
Q

what causes pityriasis/tinea versicolor

A

malasezia furfur, typical skin microbiota

32
Q

what are the symptoms and affected areas

A
  • scaly discoloured skin patches
  • sometimes itchy
  • affects the chest, back and neck
33
Q

what color does gram positive and negative stain

A

positive-purple

negative-red

34
Q

what are the stages of bacterial growth

A

lag phase-adaptation to new environment

log phase-adapted and optimal conditions for growth

stationary phase-nutrients become compromised and toxic waste accumulates

death phase-nutrients depleted and toxic waste leads to death

35
Q

name the 5 names of bacteria in terms of their optimum temperature from lowest to highest temp

A

psycrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles

36
Q

name the 5 names of bacteria in terms of their optimum pH in terms of lowest pH to highest pH

A

extreme acidophiles, acidophiles, neutrophiles, alkalophiles, extreme alkalophiles

37
Q

what is the pH range for each category of the bacteria

A 
extreme acidophiles- 0-2 
acidophiles- 2-5
neutrophiles- 6-8
alkalophiles- 9-12
extreme alkalophiles-12-14
38
Q

what are the different types of medium

A

general (non selective) - contains nutrients for growth of a large of bacteria

selective - contains nutrients for growth of selected organisms

differential - contains nutrients that enable growth and differentiation of various organisms

39
Q

what’s the difference between microbiota and microflora

A

they’re the same but microflora is the old term

40
Q

what’s the difference between microbiota, microbiome and metagenome

A

the microbiota have a taxonomic classification eg culture, biochemistry

metagenome is the collection of genomes and genes from the members of a microbiota

microbiome includes all the microorganisms, their genomes and bionic and abiotic factors- basically is the environment

41
Q

how do microbiota benefit the immune system

A

exposure of T regulatory cells to intestinal microbes decreases the reactions to self antigens as well as non harmful pathogens

42
Q

how are microbiota a source of essential nutrients

A

extract nutrients from undigested carbohydrates and aids in maintenance of pH

43
Q

an example of healthy bacteria on the surface of our skin

A

staphylococcus epidermidis

44
Q

which bacteria is the most common bacteria responsible for skin and soft tissue infections

A

staphylococcus aureus

45
Q

which environment does staphylococcus grow better in

A

moist and higher pH

46
Q

which other bacteria grow in moist conditions

A

corynebacteria and candida spp

47
Q

which area supports anaerobic organisms on the body

A

the hair follicles and sebaceous glands for propionibacterium acnes

48
Q

which bacteria makes up 90% of the bacteria in your mouth

A

streptococcus spp

49
Q

what are other examples of bacteria in your mouth

A

gemella spp, granulicatella spp, velionella spp

50
Q

whats the distribution of gram positive and gram negative between rural Africa and Europe

A

rural Africa has more gram positive than Europe and Europe has more gram negative than rural Africa

51
Q

what is mycobiology referring to

A

fungi

52
Q

what type of fungi is present in wet areas

A

candida leads to candidiasis

53
Q

what type of fungi is present in dry areas

A

malasezzia leads to pityriasis

54
Q

what type of fungi is present in dry and acidic areas

A

aspergillum leads to aspergillosis

55
Q

which bacteria makes up most of the bacteria in the gut

A

bacteroidetes

56
Q

which of the two bacteria do you have in the vagina( can’t be present together)

A

prevotella or lactobacillus

57
Q

which of the two bacteria do you have on the skin ( can’t be present together )

A

propionibacterium or staphylococcus

58
Q

which of the two bacteria can you have in your mouth ( can’t be together )

A

streptococcus or tanerella

59
Q

what happens in GI tract disorders

A

the patients exhibit decreased microbial population and functional diversity which is decreases firmicutes and increased bacteroidetes

60
Q

what happens in metabolic disorder

A

increase in firmicutes and decrease in bacteroidetes

61
Q

what is dysbiosis

A

when there is a misbalance between the microbiota in the human gut leading to illness

62
Q

what is the path to dysbiosis

A

commensal microbiota – changes intestinal micro biome– vulnerable to pathogens–inflammation and mucosal tissue damage– predisposes to pathologies – colonization factors ( toxins) e.g. chrones disease

63
Q

what type of bacteria are proteobacteria

A

gram negative

64
Q

what type of bacteria are firmicutes

A

gram postive

65
Q

what group of bacteria are pseudomonas aeruginosa, escheria coli

A

proteobacteria

66
Q

what group of bacteria are staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus oralis

A

firmicutes

67
Q

which type of environment is propionibacterium most commonly found

A

sebaceous sites

68
Q

what type of site is corynebacteria most commonly found

A

moist sites

69
Q

what type of site is staphylococcus most commonly found

A

moist sites

70
Q

what type of site is proteobaceria most commonly found

A

dry sites

71
Q

what type of site is bacteroidetes most commonly found

A

dry sites

72
Q

what conditions are linked to skin dysbiosis

A

acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and rosacea

73
Q

what bacteria is most likely to cause atopic dermatitis

A

staphylococcus

74
Q

where is regIII gamma (C-type lectin) expressed

A

skin lesions of psoriasis

75
Q

what is the function of regIII gamma

A

it is an antimicrobial ad regulates proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes to promote wound healing

76
Q

what type of bacteria produces regIII gamma

A

gram negative through peptidoglycan and flagellin

77
Q

what is the relationship between antibiotic treatment and regIII gamma production

A

as antibiotic increases the production of regIII gamma decreases

ISCM (19 decks)

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