Radiology 1: Radiologists tool Flashcards
What are the imaging modalities?
X-ray US CT MRI nuclear medicine
What are the strengths of radiography?
Great spatial resolution
cheap and available
easy interpretation
what are the cons of radiography?
projectional
ionising radiation
limited soft tissue visualisation
Which areas should always be reviewed on CXR
behind the heart apices costophrenic angles periphery of film such as shoulder joints below the diaphragm
What is the cardiothoracic ratio?
C/T and should normally be <0.5 on PA film
What are the findings of pulmonary oedema
alevolar oedema Kerley B lines Cardiomegaly Prominent upper lobe vessels. Pleural effusion
what causes consolidation?
lobar: pneumonia
multifocal: pulmonary oedema, pneumonia, haemorrhage, fat emboli, lymphoma
Causes of pneumothorax
Spontaenous Trauma - rib fracture, emphesyma Iatrogenic - postop ventilation, central line Secondary to lung disease - copd Secondary to pneumoperitnoeum
Causes of transudate pleural effusion
LVF
hepatic failure
Nephrotic syndrome
Meig’s syndrome
Causes of exudate pleural effusion
infection malignancy pulmonary infarct connective tissue disorder pancreatitis
what signs would you see in an upper lobe collapese ?
Movement of the hemidiaphragm up
what are the causes of increased density with a normal mediastinum?
consolidation
pleural effusion
mesothelioma
increased density with mediastinum away?
pleural effusion
diaphragmatic hernia
increased density with mediastinum towards?
collapse
pneumonectomy
lymphangitis
pulmonary agenesis
what findings would you find on AXR for gallstone ileus?
1) gallstone
2) small bowel obstruction
3) pneumobilia
what are the cut offs for small bowel obstruction?
proximal jejunum >3.5
mid small bowel >3
ileum >2.5
what does sigmoid volvulus look like?
coffee bean shape
what contrast options are there?
barium
IV urogram
interventional radiology
pros of CT
cross sectional
spatial resolution
weidely available
cons of CT
uses ionising radiation
limited soft tissue contrast
who should you not CT scan ?
young children due to their high mitotic rate
pregnant women
Pros of US
non-ionising
multiplanar
dynamic
doppler
cons of US
operator dependent
cant see through bone or gas
pros of MRI
non ionising
exquisite soft tissue contrast
reproducible and non operator dependent
weakness of MRI
limited availability magnetic field some patients not suitable expensive shielding cant see calcification or gas
contraindications of MRI
pacemaker implanted cardiac defib aneurysm clip carotid artery vasc clamp insulin pump
what is NOT a contraindication for MRI
othorpaedic replacements
pros of nuclear medicine
functional info
cons of nuclear medicine
limited anatomical function
radiation of pt/staff/population
what should always ask before doing an X-ray?
PREGNANT???????
if they
what are the risks of X-ray in pregnancy?
eye damage, cerebral development
