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radanat finals Flashcards

1
Q

What does KUB stand for in radiography?

A

Kidney, Ureters, Bladder

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2
Q

When are KUB radiographs commonly taken?

A

After fluoroscopic abdominal examinations using contrast media to rule out certain pathologies.

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3
Q

What is a set of several abdominal images taken in different positions to diagnose acute or emergency abdominal conditions?

A

acute abdominal series

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4
Q

What conditions may require an Acute Abdominal Series?

A

Bowel obstruction,
perforations with free intraperitoneal air,
ascites, or a
possible intra-abdominal mass.

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5
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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6
Q

Which two structures are common to both the respiratory and digestive systems?

A

Oral cavity
pharynx

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6
Q

What are the six main organs of the digestive system?

A

Oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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6
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

In the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity

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7
Q

What are the three digestive organs located within the abdominal cavity?

A

Stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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7
Q

What is the first digestive organ located entirely within the abdominal cavity?

A

stomach

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7
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

It acts as an expandable reservoir for swallowed food and fluids.

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8
Q

What does “gastro-“ refer to?

A

stomach

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8
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine in descending order?

A

Duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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9
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

About 4.5 to 5.5 meters (15 to 18 feet) in length.

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10
Q

What is the duodenum and how long is it?

A

The first portion of the small intestine; about 25 cm (10 inches) long.

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11
Q

What is the shape of the duodenum when filled with contrast medium?

A

It looks like the letter “C”.

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12
Q

What is the proximal portion of the duodenum called?

A

duodenal bulb or cap

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12
Q

What organs drain digestive fluids into the duodenum?

A

Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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13
Q

Which part of the small intestine makes up the first two-fifths after the duodenum?

A

jejunum

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14
Q

Which part of the small intestine makes up the distal three-fifths?

A

ileum

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15
Q

What is the name of the valve between the ileum and the cecum?

A

ileocecal valve

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15
Q

Why are the stomach, small intestine, and proximal large intestine visible on certain radiographs?

A

Because they are filled with radiopaque barium sulfate.

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16
Q

Is air commonly seen filling the stomach or small intestine in a healthy adult’s abdominal radiograph?

A

No, air is seldom seen filling the entire stomach or small intestine in healthy, ambulatory adults.

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17
Q

What is the sixth and final organ of digestion?

A

large intestine

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18
Where does the large intestine begin?
In the right lower quadrant at the ileocecal valve.
19
What is the saclike area below the ileocecal valve called?
cecum
20
Where is the appendix located?
Attached to the posteromedial aspect of the cecum.
20
What is the vertical part of the colon above the cecum?
ascending colon
21
What connects the ascending colon to the transverse colon?
right colic (hepatic) flexure
22
What connects the transverse colon to the descending colon?
left colic (splenic) flexure
23
What is another name for the right colic flexure?
Hepatic flexure
24
What is another name for the left colic flexure?
Splenic flexure
25
What part of the colon continues from the descending colon?
S-shaped sigmoid colon
25
What is the final portion of the large intestine?
rectum, ending at anus
26
How long is the rectum?
About 15 cm (6 inches).
27
How does body habitus affect the location of the transverse colon?
It is high in the abdomen in hypersthenic types and low in hyposthenic/asthenic types.
28
What systems is the spleen part of?
lymphatic system and circulatory system
28
Where is the spleen located?
Posterior and to the left of the stomach, in the left upper quadrant
29
When might the spleen be visible on abdominal radiographs?
When it is enlarged
30
Why is the spleen vulnerable during trauma?
it is fragile and may be lacerated by trauma to the lower left posterior rib cage.
31
What are the three accessory digestive organs?
Pancreas liver gallbladder
32
What do accessory digestive organs do?
They secrete substances that aid in digestion but are located outside the digestive tract.
33
Where is the pancreas located?
Posterior to the stomach, between the duodenum and the spleen, near the posterior abdominal wall.
34
What is the average length of the pancreas?
About 12.5 cm (6 inches).
35
What phrase describes the close relationship of the duodenum and the head of the pancreas?
“The romance of the abdomen.”
35
What part of the duodenum surrounds the head of the pancreas?
The C-loop of the duodenum.
36
What are the two functions of the pancreas?
Endocrine (internal) secretion Exocrine (external) secretion.
37
What hormone does the endocrine pancreas produce and what does it do?
Insulin; it controls blood sugar levels.
38
How much digestive juice does the exocrine pancreas produce daily?
About 1500 mL (1½ quarts).
39
What is the largest solid organ in the body?
liver
40
What is the function of bile?
To emulsify (break down) fats.
40
Where is the liver located?
Mostly in the right upper quadrant.
40
What digestive substance does the liver produce?
Bile
41
What does the gallbladder do when bile is not immediately needed?
Stores and concentrates bile for future use.
41
What is the pear-shaped sac located posterior and inferior to liver?
gallbladder
41
What hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract?
Cholecystokinin
41
Why is the gallbladder usually not visible on standard radiographs?
Because its contrast is similar to surrounding soft tissues and it requires contrast media to be seen.
42
what is the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder?
cholelithiasis
42
What are gallstones made of?
Either cholesterol or a pigment composed of bile salts, phosphate, and carbonate.
43
What type of gallstones are most common in the United States?
Cholesterol-based gallstones (about 75%).
44
What type of gallstones are more common in Asia?
Pigment-based gallstones
45
What percentage of gallstones contain enough calcium to be visible on radiographs?
About 20%
46
What imaging modality is more effective for detecting radiolucent gallstones?
Diagnostic ultrasound
47
What are the components of the urinary system?
Two kidneys two ureters one urinary bladder one urethra
48
Where does each kidney drain?
Through its own ureter to the urinary bladder.
49
How does urine leave the body?
Through the urethra under voluntary control
50
Where are the kidneys located?
On either side of the lumbar vertebral column
50
Why is the right kidney positioned slightly lower than the left?
Because of the large liver on the right side.
51
What function do the kidneys perform?
They eliminate waste materials and excess water from the blood.
51
How is waste transported from the kidneys?
Through the ureters to the urinary bladder
51
What is used to visualize hollow urinary organs during an excretory urogram?
A contrast medium filtered by the kidneys from the blood.
52
Why are the kidneys faintly seen on an abdominal radiograph?
Because of a fatty capsule surrounding each kidney.
53
What are the correct current terms for this examination?
Excretory urogram (EU) and intravenous urogram (IVU).
54
What are the four major structures related to the abdominal cavity?
Peritoneum mesentery omentum mesocolon
55
What is the large serous, double-walled, saclike membrane that covers most abdominal structures and organs?
large serous, double-walled, saclike membrane that covers most abdominal structures and organs.
56
How does the surface area of the peritoneum compare to the body?
It is approximately equal to the surface area of the skin covering the entire body.
56
What are the two types of peritoneum?
Parietal peritoneum visceral peritoneum
57
57
It is two-layered peritoneum that adheres to the abdominal cavity wall
parietal peritoneum
58
It is the portion that covers an organ
visceral peritoneum
59
What is the space between the parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneum?
peritoneal cavity
60
What condition is the abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity called?
ascites
60
When organs is only partially covered by visceral peritoneum and lies closely against the posterior abdominal wall.
retroperitoneal
61
Name examples of retroperitoneal structures.
Ascending colon descending colon aorta inferior vena cava
61
What is the double fold of peritoneum that extends anteriorly from the posterior abdominal wall to completely envelop a loop of small bowel?
mesentery
62
What is the specific type of double-folded peritoneum that extends from the stomach to another organ?
omentum
63
What does the lesser omentum connect?
It extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver.
64
What does the greater omentum connect?
It connects the transverse colon to the greater curvature of the stomach and drapes down over the small bowel.
64
Why is the greater omentum sometimes called the "fatty apron"?
Because it contains varying amounts of fat and hangs down like an apron over the anterior abdominal wall.
65
What structure would be encountered first during a midanterior abdominal dissection?
greater omentum
65
What is the peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall?
mesocolon
66
What are the four forms of mesocolon?
Ascending transverse descending sigmoid (or pelvic) mesocolon
67
What is the major portion of the peritoneal cavity, commonly referred to simply as the peritoneal cavity?
greater sac
68
What is the smaller portion of the peritoneal cavity located posterior to the stomach, also called the omentum bursa?
lesser sac
69
Retro = “backward” or “behind” Infra = “under” or “beneath”
yan meaning
69
retroperitoneal organs:
*Kidneys *ureters *adrenal glands *pancreas *C-loop of duodenum *ascending and descending colon *upper rectum *abdominal aorta *inferior vena cava
69
What are the structures closely attached to the posterior abdominal wall?
retroperitoneal organs
70
infraperitoneal organs:
*lower rectum *urinary bladder *reproductive organs
70
This is located beneath the peritoneum, typically in the true pelvis.
infraperitoneal organs
71
Organs within the abdominal cavity that are partially or completely covered by some type of visceral peritoneum
intraperitoneal organs
71
intraperitoneal organs:
*liver *gallbladder *spleen *stomach *jejunum *ileum *cecum *transverse *sigmoid colon
72
Is the peritoneal sac open or closed in males?
Closed
73
4 abdominal quadrants
*right upper quadrant (RUQ) *left upper quadrant (LUQ), *right lower quadrant (RLQ), *left lower quadrant (LLQ)
73
Is the peritoneal sac open or closed in females?
Open
74
9 abdominal regions
1. Right hypochondriac 2. Epigastric 3. Left hypochondriac 4. Right lateral (lumbar) 5. Umbilical 6. Left lateral (lumbar) 7. Right inguinal (iliac) 8. Pubic (hypogastric) 9. Left inguinal (iliac)
75
The four quadrant system is used most frequently in imaging for localizing a particular organ or for describing the location of abdominal pain or other symptoms
mas used daw 4 quadrant kea 9 regions
76
7 landmarks of abdomen
*xiphoid process *inferior costal margin *illiac crest *anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) *greater trochanter *symphysis pubis *ischial tuberosity

CLYDE (19 decks)

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