radanat 6 Flashcards
1
Q
How many phalanges are in foot?
A
14
2
Q
How many metatarsals are in the foot?
A
5
3
Q
How many tarsals are in foot?
A
7
4
Q
Total number of bones in the foot?
A
26 bones
5
Q
How do foot phalanges differ from hand phalanges?
A
Foot phalanges are smaller and have more limited movement.
6
Q
Which metatarsal has a prominent tuberosity?
A
5th metatarsal (lateral side)
7
Q
Why is the base of the 5th metatarsal clinically important?
A
It’s a common trauma site and must be well visualized on radiographs.
8
Q
What is the joint between proximal and distal phalanges of the 1st digit?
A
Interphalangeal joint (IP)
9
Q
What is the joint between middle and distal phalanges?
A
distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)
10
Q
What is the joint between proximal and middle phalanges?
A
proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)
11
Q
what is the joint between metatarsal head and phalanx?
A
metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP)
12
Q
what is the joint between base of metatarsal and tarsal bone?
A
tarsometatarsal joint (TMT)
13
Q
Why is the base of the 3rd metatarsal important in radiography?
A
It’s the centering point (CR) for AP and oblique foot projections.
14
Q
What are the small, detached bones embedded in tendons, often near joints in the hands and feet?
A
sesamoid bones
15
Q
Where are sesamoid bones commonly found in the upper limbs?
A
On the palmar surface near metacarpophalangeal joints and sometimes at the thumb’s interphalangeal joint.
16
Q
Where are sesamoid bones typically found in the lower limbs?
A
Near joints of the foot; most notably, the patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone.
17
Q
What are the two named sesamoid bones in the foot?
A
Tibial sesamoid (medial side)
Fibular sesamoid (lateral side)
18
Q
Why are sesamoid bones radiographically important?
A
They can fracture and cause pain due to their plantar location, especially when weight-bearing.
19
Q
what are the 7 tarsal in the foot?
A
3 cuneiforms
cuboid
navicular
calcaneus
talus
20
Q
Why are tarsals larger and less mobile than carpals?
A
They provide support for body weight in an erect posture.
ERECT = NAKATAYO
21
Q
Which tarsal bone is directly involved in the ankle joint?
A
talus
22
Q
what is the largest and strongest bone of the foot, also known as the heel bone?
A
calcaneus
23
Q
what is the largest roughened process where tendons attach, visible laterally?
A
lateral process of calcaneus
24
Q
What is a medial bony ridge on the calcaneus that supports the talus?
A
sustentaculum tali
25
What is the lateral ridge on the calcaneus, also called trochlear process?
peroneal trochlea
26
What bones does the calcaneus articulate with?
Cuboid (anteriorly)
Talus (superiorly)
27
What joint is formed by the calcaneus and talus, also called the talocalcaneal joint?
Subtalar joint
28
What are the three articular facets of the subtalar joint?
Posterior facet (largest)
Anterior facet
Middle facet
29
What is the depression between the posterior and middle facets that, with a groove on the talus, forms the sinus tarsi?
calcanea sulcus
30
What is the opening in the subtalar joint where ligaments pass through, formed by the calcaneal and talar grooves?
sinus tarsi (tarsal sinus)
31
What is the second largest tarsal bone, located between the lower leg and calcaneus?
talus
32
What tarsal bone transmits body weight through the ankle and subtalar joints?
talus
33
What bones does the talus articulate with?
Tibia & Fibula (superiorly)
Calcaneus (Inferiorly)
Navicular (Anteriorly)
34
What tarsal bone is a flattened, oval-shaped bone on the medial foot, between the talus and cuneiforms?
navicular
35
What bones does navicular articulates with?
Talus (Posteriorly)
Cuboid (Laterally)
Three cuneiforms (Anteriorly)
36
What does "cuneiform" mean?
Wedge-shaped
37
Where are the cuneiforms located?
Between the first three metatarsals and the navicular
38
What are the three cuneiforms?
medial cuneiform (1st)
intermediate cuneiform (2nd)
lateral cuneiform (3rd)
39
What is the largest cuneiform, articulates with the first metatarsal?
medial cuneiform (1st)
40
What is the smallest cuneiform, articulates with the second metatarsal?
intermediate cuneiform (2nd)
41
What cuneiform articulates with the third metatarsal and cuboid laterally?
lateral cuneiform (3rd)
42
medial cuneiform articulates with?
Navicular (proximally)
1st & 2nd metatarsals (distally)
Intermediate cuneiform (laterally)
43
intermediate cuneiform articulates with?
Navicular (proximally)
2nd metatarsal (distally)
Medial & lateral cuneiforms (on each side)
44
lateral cuneiform articulates with?
Navicular (proximally)
2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals (distally)
Intermediate cuneiform (medially)
Cuboid (laterally)
45
Where is the cuboid located?
On the lateral side of the foot, distal to the calcaneus, and proximal to the 4th and 5th metatarsals.
46
which bones does the cuboid articulate with?
Calcaneus (proximally)
Lateral cuneiform & navicular (medially)
4th & 5th metatarsals (distally)
47
What is the function of the arches in the foot?
To provide strong, shock-absorbing support for body weight.
48
2 main types of arches in the foot
Longitudinal Arch
Transverse Arch
49
What does the longitudinal arch consist of?
A medial and lateral component, mostly located on the medial and mid aspects of the foot.
50
What type of structure is the longitudinal arch described as?
Springy – helps absorb shock during movement.
51
Where is the transverse arch located?
Along the plantar surface of the distal tarsals and tarsometatarsal joints.
52
Which bones primarily form the transverse arch?
3 cuneiforms
Cuboid
53
Which bones form the ankle joint?
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
54
It is the expanded distal end of the fibula, extending down along the lateral side of the talus.
lateral malleolus
55
It is the elongated distal process of the tibia, lying alongside the medial talus.
medial malleolus
56
What is the three-sided socket formed by the tibia and fibula that fits the superior talus?
mortise
57
Why is the mortise joint not clearly visible on a standard AP view?
Because of overlapping of the distal tibia and fibula by the talus due to the posterior position of the fibula.
58
What is the bony process on the distal anterior-lateral tibia that articulates with the superolateral talus and partially overlaps the fibula?
anterior tubercle of tibia
59
What is the distal tibial surface that forms the roof of the ankle mortise?
tibial plafond
60
What fractures can involve the tibial plafond?
Distal tibial epiphyseal fractures in children and youth.
61
In a true lateral view, how is the fibula positioned in relation to the tibia?
fibula is 1 cm posterior to the tibia.
62
What positioning error causes a partially oblique ankle instead of a true lateral?
Superimposing the medial and lateral malleoli directly.
63
How much lower does the lateral malleolus extend compared to the medial?
About 1 cm (3/8 inch) more distal.
64
It is a horizontal plane through the malleoli that is angled 15°–20° from the coronal plane.
intermalleolar plane
65
Why is the intermalleolar plane important?
It determines how much to rotate the lower leg/ankle to achieve a true mortise view.
66
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
synovial joint = saddle (sellar) type joint
67
What injury occurs from lateral ankle stress?
sprained ankle
68
It is one of the larger bones of the body, is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
tibia
69
What are the parts of the tibia?
Proximal extremity
body (shaft)
distal extremity
70
What are the two large processes that make up the medial and lateral aspects of the proximal tibia?
Medial Condyles
Lateral Condyles
71
It includes two small pointed prominences, which are located on the superior surface of the tibial head between the two condyles.
intercondylar eminence (tibial spine)
72
Wha is the upper articular surface of the condyles includes two smooth concave articular facets, which articulate with the femur?
tibial plateau
73
a rough-textured prominence located on the mid-anterior surface of the tibia just distal to the condyles.
tibial tuberosity
74
What is the sharp ridge on the tibia, also called the shin?
anterior crest of the tibia
74
fibula articulates with?
tibia (proximally)
tibia & talus (distally)
75
It is located laterally and posteriorly to the larger tibia.
fibula
76
It is the extreme proximal aspect of the head of fibula.
apex
77
The tapered area just below the head of fibula.
neck
78
the long, slender portion of the fibula between the two extremities.
body
79
The enlarged distal end of the fibula can be felt as a distinct “bump” on the lateral aspect of the ankle joint
lateral malleolus of fibula
80
what is the largest sesamoid bone in the body, is located anteriorly to the distal femur?
patella
81
What is the smooth, shallow, triangular depression at the distal portion of the anterior femur that extends up under the lower part of the patella?
patellar surface
82
It sometimes is referred to as the intercondylar sulcus.
Some literature also refers to this depression as the trochlear groove.
patellar surface
83
Which condyle of the femur extends lower when the femoral shaft is vertical?
medial condyle
84
Why must the CR be angled 5° to 7° cephalad for a lateral knee projection?
To superimpose the medial and lateral condyles due to the distal extension of the medial condyle.
84
What is the average angle of the femoral shaft from vertical?
Approximately 10°, ranging from 5° to 15°.
85
How does femoral angle vary with body type?
Greater in short people with wider pelvises;
less in tall people with narrow pelvises;
greater in women than in men.
86
A slightly raised area on the posterolateral aspect of the medial condyle that receives the tendon of an adductor muscle.
adductor tubercle
87
Why is the adductor tubercle important in radiography?
It helps determine knee rotation in lateral views to correct positioning errors.
87
Rough prominences for ligament attachment on the outermost portions of the condyles.
medial and lateral epicondyles of femur
88
How does patella moves during knee flexion?
As the knee flexes, the patella moves downward and inward into the intercondylar groove.
88
This protect the anterior aspect of the knee joint and acts as a pivot to increase the leverage of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
patella
88
Which epicondyle is more prominent?
medial epicondyle
89
What is the primary joint involved in the knee joint proper?
femorotibial joint
89
2 major pairs of ligaments for knee stability
collateral ligaments
cruciate ligaments
90
2 cruciate ligaments
posterior cruciate ligaments (PCL)
anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL)
90
2 collateral ligaments
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL)
tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL)
91
What is the role of the collateral ligaments in the knee?
prevent adduction and abduction movements at the knee
92
What is the function of the cruciate ligaments in the knee?
stabilize the knee joint by preventing anterior or posterior movement within the knee joint.
93
These are crescent-shaped fibrocartilage disks (medial and lateral) between the tibial plateau and femoral condyles. They act as shock absorbers, reducing impact and stress at the knee joint.
menisci (articular disk)
93
What is the largest joint space in the human body, enclosed in an articular capsule filled with synovial fluid?
articular cavity
94
What common knee injuries require imaging to visualize soft tissue structures?
tears of the tibial MCL, ACL, and medial meniscus
94
What type of joint is the knee joint?
synovial joint = hinge (gliding)
95
It is a complex, saclike structure filled with a lubricating-type synovial fluid.
articular capsule or bursa
