radanat 4 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four main groups of bones in the upper limb?
A
*Hand and wrist,
*forearm,
*arm (humerus),
*shoulder girdle
2
Q
How many phalanges are there in the hand?
A
14
3
Q
How many metacarpals are in the hand?
A
5
4
Q
How many carpals are in the wrist?
A
8
5
Q
What is the total number of bones in the upper limb?
A
27
6
Q
What are the three parts of each phalanx?
A
- Distal rounded head
- Body (shaft)
- Base
7
Q
How many phalanges does each of the four fingers (digits 2-5) have?
A
Three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal
8
Q
How many phalanges does the thumb (first digit) have?
A
Two phalanges: proximal and distal
9
Q
What are the three parts of each metacarpal?
A
- Head
- Body (shaft)
- Base
10
Q
What is the joint between the first metacarpal and the proximal phalanx called?
A
First Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joint
11
Q
What are the three joints present in each of the second through fifth digits?
A
- Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint
- Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Joint
- Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joint
12
Q
What are MCP joints?
A
Joints where the metacarpals articulate with the phalanges at their distal ends
13
Q
What are CMC joints?
A
Joints where the metacarpals articulate with the respective carpals at their proximal ends
14
Q
Which carpal articulates with the first metacarpal?
A
Trapezium
15
Q
What is the largest carpal bone?
A
Capitate
16
Q
What is the name of the groove through which major nerves and tendons pass in the wrist?
A
Carpal sulcus (carpal tunnel or canal)
17
Q
Which bone is located on the lateral side of the forearm?
A
Radius
18
Q
Which bone is located on the medial side of the forearm?
A
Ulna
19
Q
What is the function of the radial styloid process?
A
It can be palpated on the thumb side of the wrist joint
20
Q
What is the head of the ulna, and where is it located?
A
It fits into the ulnar notch to form the distal radioulnar joint, located near the wrist
21
Q
What is a large concave depression on the ulna that articulates with the distal humerus?
A
trochlear notch
22
Q
What are the two parts of the humeral condyle?
A
- Trochlea (medial condyle)
- Capitulum (lateral condyle)
23
Q
Scaphoid is sometimes referred to as?
A
Navicular
24
Q
What is the boat-shaped bone, is the largest bone in the proximal row and articulates with the radius proximally?
A
Scaphoid
25
It is located near the wrist at the distal end of the ulna.
Head of Ulna
26
What is the most frequently fractured carpal bone?
Scaphoid
27
What is the small depression on the medial aspect of the distal radius?
Ulnar notch
28
What is the small conical projections, located at the extreme distal ends of both the radius and the ulna?
Styloid Processes
29
What is a moon-shaped bone, second carpal in proximal row that articulates with radius?
Lunate
30
What bone is named that means hook, and can be easily distinguished by the hook-like process called hamulus or hauler process?
Hamate
31
It is identified by its large rounded head that fits proximally into a concavity formed by the scaphoid and lunate bones.
Capitate
32
What is the wedge-shaped and the smallest bone in the distal row?
Trapezoid
33
What is the pea-shaped bone and the smallest of the carpal bones, is located anterior to the triquetrum and is most evident in the carpal canal or tangential projection
Pisiform
34
What is the bone located at the side of thumb with irregular shaped bone that is located medial and distal to the scaphoid and proximal to the first metacarpal?
trapezium
35
It is distinguished by the deep concavity on its distal surface, where it articulates with the capitate of the distal row of carpals
Lunate
36
What is the third carpal in proximal row, which has three articular surfaces and is distinguished by its pyramidal shape and anterior articulation with the small pisiform?
Triquetrum
37
It is located at the proximal end of the radius near the elbow joint
Head of Radius
38
What is the shorter of the two bones of the forearm, is the only one of the two that is directly involved in the wrist joint?
radius
39
What is the medial margin of the coronoid process opposite the radial notch (lateral)?
coronoid tubercle
40
What is the two beak-like processes of the proximal ulna?
olecranon and the coronoid processes
41
What is the longer of the two bones of the forearm, is primarily involved in the formation of the elbow joint.
Ulna
42
It shows the round, disk-like head and the neck of the radius as a tapered constricted area directly below the head.
Proximal radius
43
It is a small, shallow depression located on the lateral aspect of the proximal ulna.
Radial notch
44
Which of the two epicondyles that is a small projection on the lateral aspect of the distal humerus above the capitulum.
Lateral epicondyle
45
In early literature, capitulum was called??
capitellum
46
This depression of the trochlea, which begins anteriorly and continues in inferiorly and posteriorly, appears circular on a lateral end-on view.
Trochlea sulcus
47
What is the joint between the head of radius and ulna at the radial notch?
Proximal radioulnar joint
48
What is the expanded distal end of humerus?
Humeral condyle
49
What is the bone shaped like a pulley or spool?
Trochlea
50
Which of the two epicondyles is larger and more prominent and is located on the medial edge of the distal humerus?
Medial epicondyle
51
What is the two shallow anterior depression in the distal humerus?
* coronoid fossa
* radial fossa
52
What type of joint are all interphalangeal joints classified as?
Ginglymus (hinge-type) joints
53
What type of movements do interphalangeal joints allow?
* flexion
* extension
54
What type of joint are the metacarpophalangeal joint classified as?
Ellipsoidal (condyloid-type) joints
55
What is the deep posterior depression of distal humerus?
olecranon fossa
56
What type of movement do metacarpophalangeal joints allow?
* Flexion
* Extension
* Abduction
* Adduction
57
The first MCP joint is also ellipsoidal type of joint but has limited abduction and adduction movements
BECAUSE of its wider and less-rounded head
58
What type of joint is the FIRST carpometacarpal joint of the THUMB?
Saddle (sellar)-type joint
59
What type of movements do the FIRST CMC joint of THUMB allow?
* flexion
* extension
* abduction
* adduction
* circumduction
60
What type of joint is in the 2nd - 5th CMC joint?
Plane (gliding-type) Joint
61
What type of joint is the intercarpal joints?
Plane (gliding) joint
62
What type of joint is the wrist joint?
Ellipsoidal (condyloid) joint or Diarthrodial
63
What is the wrist joint called?
Radiocarpal Joint
64
The total wrist joint is enclosed by an _________ that is strengthened by ligaments that allow movement in our directions, plus circumduction.
articular synovial capsule
65
What is the two wrist ligaments?
* Ulnar Collateral Ligament
* Radial Collateral Ligament
66
What are the functions of the ulnar and radial collateral ligaments?
They provide stability to the wrist joint
67
What is the ligament attached to the styloid process of the ulna and fans out to attach to the triquetrum and the pisiform?
Ulnar collateral ligament
68
What is the ligament that extends from the styloid process of the radius primarily to the lateral side of the scaphoid (scaphoid tubercle), but it also has attachments to the trapezium?
Radial collateral ligament
69
5 additional ligaments that are crucial to the stability of the wrist joint and often are damaged during trauma
* Dorsal radiocarpal ligament
* Palmar radiocarpal ligament
* Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)
* Scapholunate ligament
* Lunotriquetral ligament
70
What are the three joints included in the complete elbow joint?
* Humeroulnar joint
* Humeroradial joint
* Proximal radioulnar joint
71
What is the dorsal radiocarpal ligament?
A ligament that connects the dorsal side of the radius to the carpal bones
## Footnote
Important for wrist stability.
72
What is the palmar radiocarpal ligament?
A ligament that connects the palmar side of the radius to the carpal bones
## Footnote
Plays a key role in wrist flexion.
73
What does TFCC stand for?
Triangular fibrocartilage complex
## Footnote
Critical for wrist function and stability.
74
What is the function of the scapholunate ligament?
Connects the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist
## Footnote
Important for maintaining wrist stability.
75
What does the lunotriquetral ligament connect?
Connects the lunate and triquetrum bones in the wrist
## Footnote
Important for the integrity of the wrist joint.
76
What type of joint is the elbow joint classified as?
Synovial and freely movable (diarthrodial)
## Footnote
Allows for flexion and extension movements.
77
What is the primary movement at the elbow joint?
Flexion and extension
## Footnote
Involves the humerus, ulna, and radius.
78
How many joints are included in the complete elbow joint?
Three joints
## Footnote
Enclosed in one articular capsule.
79
What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?
Pivot or trochoidal type
## Footnote
Part of the elbow joint complex.
80
What is ulnar deviation in wrist movement?
Wrist opens up and demonstrates carpals on the radial side
## Footnote
Best shows the scaphoid, trapezium, and trapezoid.
81
What is radial deviation in wrist movement?
Wrist opens up and demonstrates carpals on the ulnar side
## Footnote
Best shows the hamate, pisiform, triquetrum, lunate.
82
Should the forearm be radiographed in a pronated position?
No
## Footnote
It should be radiographed in anteroposterior (AP) with the hand supinated.
83
What is the reason for radiographing the forearm in a supinated position?
To avoid the crossover position of the radius and ulna
## Footnote
This affects the clarity of the radiograph.
84
What is the anatomical significance of the 'cross-over' position?
Results from unique pivot-type rotational movements of the forearm
## Footnote
Involves both proximal and distal radioulnar joints.
