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Quiz2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Since colonizing land, plants have become roughly _________ living species

A

290,000

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2
Q

Green algae called _________ are the closest relatives of land plants

A

charophytes

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3
Q 
However, land plants share four key traits only with charophytes:
a.   
b.   
c.   
d.
A

Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
Peroxisome enzymes
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast

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4
Q

Note that land plants are not descended from _______ ______

A

modern charophytes

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5
Q 
The movement onto land by charophyte ancestors provided them with:
1)  
2)  
3)   
4)
A

1) Unfiltered sun
2) More plentiful CO2
3) Nutrient-rich soil
4) Few herbivores or pathogens

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6
Q

Land presented challenges: a ____ _____ and lack of ______ ______
a. The accumulation of traits that facilitated survival on land may have opened the way to its colonization by plants

A

scarcity of water

structural support

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7
Q

Until this debate is resolved, we will retain the __________ definition of kingdom Plantae

A

embryophyte

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8
Q 
Four key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes:
a.   
b.   
c.   
d.
A

a. Alternation of generations (with multicellular, dependent embryos)
b. Walled spores produced in sporangia
c. Multicellular gametangia
d. Apical meristems

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9
Q 
Additional derived traits
\_\_\_
\_\_\_
\_\_\_
(mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients
A

a. Cuticle
b. Secondary compounds evolved in many plant species
c. Symbiotic associations between fungi (mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients

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10
Q

Plants alternate between two multicellular stages

_____ & ______

A

(haploid and diploid)

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11
Q

A reproductive cycle called __________ ________

2) A haploid (n) spore germinates (either male or female), grows vegetatively, and forms the ________
3) The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis

A

alternation of generations

gametophyte

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12
Q

The gametes are formed in the ___________ (two types, ♀ and ♂)

A

gametangia

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13
Q

Male (♂) gametophyte (n): produces the _________

A

antheridium

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14
Q

Within the antheridium, the male gamete is produced
(a) Produced by _________
In Lower plants, the male gamete (♂) is the ____
(3) The sperm is the nucleus donor

A

mitosis (n > n)

sperm

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15
Q

Female (♀): Nucleus acceptor, formed in the _______

A

archegonium

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16
Q

In the archegonium, the female gamete is produced

In lower plants, the female gamete (♀) is the _____

A

egg

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17
Q

The zygote produces an _______

A

embryo (2n)

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18
Q

The embryo grows to produce a _________

A

sporophyte

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19
Q

The sporophyte gives rise to the ______

A

sporangia

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20
Q

Within the sporangia, ______ are produced

A

sporogonia

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21
Q

Sporogonia are also called ___ _____ _____

A

spore mother cells

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22
Q

One sporogonia produces four spores by _____

(a) Produced by _____

A

meiosis

2n > n; 4 cells

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23
Q

Sequence: S => V => G => G(2 types) Z => E => S => S => S

A

Spores (n) => Vegetative growth (n) => Gametophytes (n) => Gametangia (2 types) (n) (antheridium, if ♂ or archegonium, if ♀) => Gametes (2 types) (n) (Sperm, if ♂ or Egg, if ♀) => Zygote (2n) (by Syngamy) -> Embryo (2n) -> Sporophyte (2n) => Sporangia (2n) => Sporogonia (2n) => Four Spores (n) by meiosis, and the process repeats
1) 50% of the spores ♂ and 50% of the spores ♀)

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24
Q

The _____ ______ is retained within the tissue of the _____ ________

A

diploid embryo

female gametophyte

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25
Q

Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through _________ _______ _____ (nurse cells)

A

placental transfer cells

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26
Q

Land plants are called __________ because of the _________ of the embryo on the parent

A

embryophytes

dependency

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27
Q

. With only a haploid chromosome number, the cell cycle is ____ ____
Therefore, the generation time is much ______ for mosses
Some mosses can complete a generation in _ to _ days

A

markedly faster
shorter
7 to 10 days

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28
Q

The sporophyte produces spores in organs called _________

Diploid cells called ________ undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

A

sporangia

sporocytes

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29
Q

Spore walls contain __________, which makes them resistant to harsh environments

A

sporopollenin

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30
Q

Gametes are produced within organs called __________

A

gametangia

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31
Q

) Female (♀) gametangia, called _________, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization

A

archegonia

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32
Q

Male (♂) gametangia, called _________, are the site of sperm production and release

A

antheridia

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33
Q

Plants sustain ______ ____ in their apical meristems

A

continual growth

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34
Q 
The Kingdom Plantae has four divisions: 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (mosses), 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(ferns), 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(conifers) and
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (flowering plants)
A

Bryophyte
Pterophytes
Gymnosperm
Angiosperms

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35
Q

Higher plants have vascular tissue; these constitute the vascular plants
Nonvascular plants are commonly called _______

A

bryophytes

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36
Q

Bryophytes: ___ vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo

A

NO

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37
Q

_______ (club mosses and their relatives), the most important group are the Bryophytes

A

Lycophytes

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38
Q

_________ (ferns and their relatives)

____Vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo

A

Pterophytes

Vasculature, NO real seeds, NO reserves for embryo

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39
Q

Seedless vascular plants are _______

A

paraphyletic

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40
Q

________, the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers

____Vasculature, ___Real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo

A

Gymnosperms

Vasculature, Real seeds, NO reserves for embryo

41
Q

the flowering plants

____Vasculature, ____Real seeds, ___Reserves for embryo (fruit)

A

Angiosperms

Vasculature, Real seeds, Reserves for embryo (fruit)

42
Q

Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
Haploid tissue grows by mitosis (n  n) and eventually forms an egg (♀)

A

Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
Haploid tissue grows by mitosis (n  n) and eventually forms an egg (♀)

43
Q

In all three bryophyte phyla, gametophytes (haploid) are ___ and _________ than sporophytes (diploid)

A

larger and longer-living

44
Q

Sperm swim ______ _ ____ _ _______ to reach and fertilize the egg

A

through a film of water

45
Q

Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of ________

A

archegonia

46
Q

Embryo (2n) -> Sporophyte (2n)

1) Note the embryo is retained within the archegonia for the earliest stages of development: mosses are ___________

A

embryophytes

47
Q

A sporophyte consists of a:

1)
2) (stalk)
3) also called a capsule

A

1) Foot
2) Seta (stalk)
3) Sporangium, also called a capsule

48
Q

Sporangium (2n) -> Sporogonia (2n) (a type of stem cell)

1) Which forms ___# Spores (n) by meiosis

A

Four

49
Q

Hornwort and moss sporophytes have ______ for gas exchange

A

stomata

50
Q

. Living vascular plants
_________
_________
_________

A

(Pterophyta, Gymnosperma, Angiosperma)

51
Q

_______ conducts most of the water and minerals

a) Includes dead cells called tracheids

A

Xylem

52
Q

_____ consists of living cells

a) Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic molecules

A

Phloem

53
Q

___ are clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls

A

Sori

54
Q

In all of these variations, the earliest stages of embryogenesis is within the archegonia: ferns are _________

A

embryophytes

55
Q

All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are ____________

A

heterosporous

56
Q

Heterosporous species produce:

a) _________ that give rise to female gametophytes
b) _________ that give rise to male gametophytes

A

Megaspores

Microspores

57
Q

Phylum ______: Ferns, Horsetails, and Whisk Ferns and Relatives

a. Ferns are the most diverse seedless vascular plants, with over 12,000 species
b. They are most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forests

A

Phylum Pterophyta

58
Q

Entering Chp30

A

Chp30 Modern Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

59
Q

_________: The Rule among Seed Plants

A

Heterospory

60
Q

An ovule is a structure that develops within the ovary of the plant
1) Within the ovule, the egg, which is the female gametophyte, referred

A

An ovule is a structure that develops within the ovary of the plant
1) Within the ovule, the egg, which is the female gametophyte, referred

61
Q

An ovule consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments

A

An ovule consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments

62
Q

Gymnosperm megaspores have ___ integument

A

one integument

63
Q

Angiosperm megaspores usually have ___ integuments

A

two integuments

64
Q

Gymnosperm Evolution

1) Fossil evidence reveals that some plants had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants
a) Early plants were called __________,
b) Happened in the late Devonian period

A

progymnosperms

65
Q

Living seed plants can be divided into two clades

A

a) Gymnosperms

b) Angiosperms

66
Q

Gymnosperms were better suited than nonvascular plants to

A

drier conditions

67
Q

Today, cone-bearing gymnosperms called conifers dominate in the

A

northern latitudes

68
Q

The Life Cycle of a Pine: A Closer Look

  1. Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are:
    a. Dominance of the ______ ______
    b. Development of seeds from _______ ____
    c. The transfer of sperm to ovules by _____
A

sporophyte generation
fertilized ovules
pollen

69
Q

The life cycle of a pine provides an example

a. The pine tree is the ________
b. Produces _______ in male and female cones
c. Small cones produce ________ (♂) called pollen grains

A

sporophyte
sporangia
microspores

70
Q

The familiar larger cones contain ovules

1) Produce _________ (♀) that develop into female gametophytes (♀)

A

megaspores

71
Q

It takes nearly three years from cone production to mature seed

1) Year 1: ovules (♀) and pollen (♂) develop within each cone, and pollen fertilizes the female ovule (cone stays on the tree)
2) Year 2: in the summer the cone, with fully developed embryos, falls to ground, but the cone stays tightly closed
3) Year 3: during the summer the cone opens and releases fully matured seeds that can then sprout and produce a seedling

A

It takes nearly three years from cone production to mature seed

1) Year 1: ovules (♀) and pollen (♂) develop within each cone, and pollen fertilizes the female ovule (cone stays on the tree)
2) Year 2: in the summer the cone, with fully developed embryos, falls to ground, but the cone stays tightly closed
3) Year 3: during the summer the cone opens and releases fully matured seeds that can then sprout and produce a seedling

72
Q

A spherical embryo grows to form a heart-shaped embryo, that then forms a torpedo-shaped embryo
The lobes of the heart are the epicotyl (becomes the shoot) and the hypocotyl (becomes the root)
b) The embryo has three cell layers:
(1) _______: outer => epidermis
(2) ______: middle => ground tissue (cortex)
(3) ______: inner => vasculature

A

ectodermis
mesodermis
endodermis

73
Q

Develops from the endosperm, a special tissue that is ______

A

triploid (3n)

74
Q

A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves:

1) ______, which enclose the flower
2) _____, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
3) _____, which produce pollen

A

Sepals
Petals
Stamens

75
Q

_____, the terminal portion of the stamen; where the pollen
is produced
hold the anthers a distance from the female stigma

A

Anthers

Filaments

76
Q

______ (or Pistils), which produce ovules

A

Carpels

77
Q

______ a long extension, through which a pollen tube grows

(1) A pollen tube can also be called a germ tube

A

Style

78
Q

_______on top, sticky, where pollen is received

A

Stigma

79
Q

The flower of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures

a. Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains
1) Produced by the microsporangia of anthers
b. The female gametophyte is found within an embryo sac within the ovary

A

The flower of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures

a. Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains
1) Produced by the microsporangia of anthers
b. The female gametophyte is found within an embryo sac within the ovary

80
Q

A _____ ___ that has landed on a stigma germinates

A

pollen grain

81
Q

_____ ________occurs when the pollen tube discharges two pollen nuclei into the female gametophyte within an ovule

1) One pollen nucleus fertilizes the egg
2) The other pollen nucleus combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte = this makes a triploid cell

A

Double fertilization

82
Q

The _____ ___ is left over from the three mitotic divisions that follow meiosis (this event creates #nuclei)

A

central cell

8

83
Q

Hypocotyl develops into the _____ ________ (develops into the rest of the Root)

A

Radicle Meristem

84
Q

Epicotyl develops into the _____ _______ (develops into the rest of the Shoot)

A

Apical Meristem

85
Q

The epicotyl has either one or two seed leaves called cotyledons

(2) One cotyledon: characteristic of ____________ plants (Monocots) (Example: corn)
(3) Two cotyledon: characteristic of __________ plants (Eudicots) (Example: beans)

A

Monocotylendonous

Dicotylendonous

86
Q

______ (one cotyledon)

______ (“true” dicots, two cotyledons)

A

Monocots

Eudicots`

87
Q

Six crops yield ##% of the calories consumed by humans

1) Wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes

A

80%

88
Q

At the current rate of habitat loss, ##% of Earth’s species will become extinct within the next 100–200 years

A

50%

89
Q

Fungi are diverse and widespread

a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

A

Fungi are diverse and widespread

a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

90
Q

Fungi are diverse and widespread

a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

A

Fungi are diverse and widespread

a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

91
Q

Fungi consist of hyphae or mycelia

________: a network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

A

Mycelium

92
Q

Most fungi have cell walls made of _____

A

chitin

93
Q

____ (large gap junctions) are present in septa allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles
2) Coenocytic fungi lack septa = aseptate

A

Pores

94
Q

______ allow fungi to penetrate the tissues of their host

A

Haustoria

95
Q

________ are mutually beneficial relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots

A

Mycorrhizae

96
Q

_________ fungi form sheaths of hyphae over a root

a) They also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
(1) Do NOT penetrate plant cells

A

Ectomycorrhizal

97
Q

_______ ______ fungi extend hyphae:

a) Through the cell walls of root cells, and
b) Into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane
(1) A partial penetration of plant cells

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizal

98
Q

Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast numbers of spores
1) Spores can be sexual or asexual spores

A

Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast numbers of spores
1) Spores can be sexual or asexual spores

Biology 2 (9 decks)

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