Quiz2 Flashcards
Since colonizing land, plants have become roughly _________ living species
290,000
Green algae called _________ are the closest relatives of land plants
charophytes
However, land plants share four key traits only with charophytes: a. b. c. d.
Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
Peroxisome enzymes
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast
Note that land plants are not descended from _______ ______
modern charophytes
The movement onto land by charophyte ancestors provided them with: 1) 2) 3) 4)
1) Unfiltered sun
2) More plentiful CO2
3) Nutrient-rich soil
4) Few herbivores or pathogens
Land presented challenges: a ____ _____ and lack of ______ ______
a. The accumulation of traits that facilitated survival on land may have opened the way to its colonization by plants
scarcity of water
structural support
Until this debate is resolved, we will retain the __________ definition of kingdom Plantae
embryophyte
Four key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes: a. b. c. d.
a. Alternation of generations (with multicellular, dependent embryos)
b. Walled spores produced in sporangia
c. Multicellular gametangia
d. Apical meristems
Additional derived traits \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ (mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients
a. Cuticle
b. Secondary compounds evolved in many plant species
c. Symbiotic associations between fungi (mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients
Plants alternate between two multicellular stages
_____ & ______
(haploid and diploid)
A reproductive cycle called __________ ________
2) A haploid (n) spore germinates (either male or female), grows vegetatively, and forms the ________
3) The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis
alternation of generations
gametophyte
The gametes are formed in the ___________ (two types, ♀ and ♂)
gametangia
Male (♂) gametophyte (n): produces the _________
antheridium
Within the antheridium, the male gamete is produced
(a) Produced by _________
In Lower plants, the male gamete (♂) is the ____
(3) The sperm is the nucleus donor
mitosis (n > n)
sperm
Female (♀): Nucleus acceptor, formed in the _______
archegonium
In the archegonium, the female gamete is produced
In lower plants, the female gamete (♀) is the _____
egg
The zygote produces an _______
embryo (2n)
The embryo grows to produce a _________
sporophyte
The sporophyte gives rise to the ______
sporangia
Within the sporangia, ______ are produced
sporogonia
Sporogonia are also called ___ _____ _____
spore mother cells
One sporogonia produces four spores by _____
(a) Produced by _____
meiosis
2n > n; 4 cells
Sequence: S => V => G => G(2 types) Z => E => S => S => S
Spores (n) => Vegetative growth (n) => Gametophytes (n) => Gametangia (2 types) (n) (antheridium, if ♂ or archegonium, if ♀) => Gametes (2 types) (n) (Sperm, if ♂ or Egg, if ♀) => Zygote (2n) (by Syngamy) -> Embryo (2n) -> Sporophyte (2n) => Sporangia (2n) => Sporogonia (2n) => Four Spores (n) by meiosis, and the process repeats
1) 50% of the spores ♂ and 50% of the spores ♀)
The _____ ______ is retained within the tissue of the _____ ________
diploid embryo
female gametophyte
Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through _________ _______ _____ (nurse cells)
placental transfer cells
Land plants are called __________ because of the _________ of the embryo on the parent
embryophytes
dependency
. With only a haploid chromosome number, the cell cycle is ____ ____
Therefore, the generation time is much ______ for mosses
Some mosses can complete a generation in _ to _ days
markedly faster
shorter
7 to 10 days
The sporophyte produces spores in organs called _________
Diploid cells called ________ undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
sporangia
sporocytes
Spore walls contain __________, which makes them resistant to harsh environments
sporopollenin
Gametes are produced within organs called __________
gametangia
) Female (♀) gametangia, called _________, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization
archegonia
Male (♂) gametangia, called _________, are the site of sperm production and release
antheridia
Plants sustain ______ ____ in their apical meristems
continual growth
The Kingdom Plantae has four divisions: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (mosses), \_\_\_\_\_\_\_(ferns), \_\_\_\_\_\_\_(conifers) and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (flowering plants)
Bryophyte
Pterophytes
Gymnosperm
Angiosperms
Higher plants have vascular tissue; these constitute the vascular plants
Nonvascular plants are commonly called _______
bryophytes
Bryophytes: ___ vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo
NO
_______ (club mosses and their relatives), the most important group are the Bryophytes
Lycophytes
_________ (ferns and their relatives)
____Vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo
Pterophytes
Vasculature, NO real seeds, NO reserves for embryo
Seedless vascular plants are _______
paraphyletic
________, the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers
____Vasculature, ___Real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo
Gymnosperms
Vasculature, Real seeds, NO reserves for embryo
the flowering plants
____Vasculature, ____Real seeds, ___Reserves for embryo (fruit)
Angiosperms
Vasculature, Real seeds, Reserves for embryo (fruit)
Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
Haploid tissue grows by mitosis (n n) and eventually forms an egg (♀)
Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
Haploid tissue grows by mitosis (n n) and eventually forms an egg (♀)
In all three bryophyte phyla, gametophytes (haploid) are ___ and _________ than sporophytes (diploid)
larger and longer-living
Sperm swim ______ _ ____ _ _______ to reach and fertilize the egg
through a film of water
Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of ________
archegonia
Embryo (2n) -> Sporophyte (2n)
1) Note the embryo is retained within the archegonia for the earliest stages of development: mosses are ___________
embryophytes
A sporophyte consists of a:
1)
2) (stalk)
3) also called a capsule
1) Foot
2) Seta (stalk)
3) Sporangium, also called a capsule
Sporangium (2n) -> Sporogonia (2n) (a type of stem cell)
1) Which forms ___# Spores (n) by meiosis
Four
Hornwort and moss sporophytes have ______ for gas exchange
stomata
. Living vascular plants
_________
_________
_________
(Pterophyta, Gymnosperma, Angiosperma)
_______ conducts most of the water and minerals
a) Includes dead cells called tracheids
Xylem
_____ consists of living cells
a) Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic molecules
Phloem
___ are clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls
Sori
In all of these variations, the earliest stages of embryogenesis is within the archegonia: ferns are _________
embryophytes
All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are ____________
heterosporous
Heterosporous species produce:
a) _________ that give rise to female gametophytes
b) _________ that give rise to male gametophytes
Megaspores
Microspores
Phylum ______: Ferns, Horsetails, and Whisk Ferns and Relatives
a. Ferns are the most diverse seedless vascular plants, with over 12,000 species
b. They are most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forests
Phylum Pterophyta
Entering Chp30
Chp30 Modern Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
_________: The Rule among Seed Plants
Heterospory
An ovule is a structure that develops within the ovary of the plant
1) Within the ovule, the egg, which is the female gametophyte, referred
An ovule is a structure that develops within the ovary of the plant
1) Within the ovule, the egg, which is the female gametophyte, referred
An ovule consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments
An ovule consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments
Gymnosperm megaspores have ___ integument
one integument
Angiosperm megaspores usually have ___ integuments
two integuments
Gymnosperm Evolution
1) Fossil evidence reveals that some plants had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants
a) Early plants were called __________,
b) Happened in the late Devonian period
progymnosperms
Living seed plants can be divided into two clades
a) Gymnosperms
b) Angiosperms
Gymnosperms were better suited than nonvascular plants to
drier conditions
Today, cone-bearing gymnosperms called conifers dominate in the
northern latitudes
The Life Cycle of a Pine: A Closer Look
- Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are:
a. Dominance of the ______ ______
b. Development of seeds from _______ ____
c. The transfer of sperm to ovules by _____
sporophyte generation
fertilized ovules
pollen
The life cycle of a pine provides an example
a. The pine tree is the ________
b. Produces _______ in male and female cones
c. Small cones produce ________ (♂) called pollen grains
sporophyte
sporangia
microspores
The familiar larger cones contain ovules
1) Produce _________ (♀) that develop into female gametophytes (♀)
megaspores
It takes nearly three years from cone production to mature seed
1) Year 1: ovules (♀) and pollen (♂) develop within each cone, and pollen fertilizes the female ovule (cone stays on the tree)
2) Year 2: in the summer the cone, with fully developed embryos, falls to ground, but the cone stays tightly closed
3) Year 3: during the summer the cone opens and releases fully matured seeds that can then sprout and produce a seedling
It takes nearly three years from cone production to mature seed
1) Year 1: ovules (♀) and pollen (♂) develop within each cone, and pollen fertilizes the female ovule (cone stays on the tree)
2) Year 2: in the summer the cone, with fully developed embryos, falls to ground, but the cone stays tightly closed
3) Year 3: during the summer the cone opens and releases fully matured seeds that can then sprout and produce a seedling
A spherical embryo grows to form a heart-shaped embryo, that then forms a torpedo-shaped embryo
The lobes of the heart are the epicotyl (becomes the shoot) and the hypocotyl (becomes the root)
b) The embryo has three cell layers:
(1) _______: outer => epidermis
(2) ______: middle => ground tissue (cortex)
(3) ______: inner => vasculature
ectodermis
mesodermis
endodermis
Develops from the endosperm, a special tissue that is ______
triploid (3n)
A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves:
1) ______, which enclose the flower
2) _____, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
3) _____, which produce pollen
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
_____, the terminal portion of the stamen; where the pollen
is produced
hold the anthers a distance from the female stigma
Anthers
Filaments
______ (or Pistils), which produce ovules
Carpels
______ a long extension, through which a pollen tube grows
(1) A pollen tube can also be called a germ tube
Style
_______on top, sticky, where pollen is received
Stigma
The flower of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures
a. Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains
1) Produced by the microsporangia of anthers
b. The female gametophyte is found within an embryo sac within the ovary
The flower of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures
a. Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains
1) Produced by the microsporangia of anthers
b. The female gametophyte is found within an embryo sac within the ovary
A _____ ___ that has landed on a stigma germinates
pollen grain
_____ ________occurs when the pollen tube discharges two pollen nuclei into the female gametophyte within an ovule
1) One pollen nucleus fertilizes the egg
2) The other pollen nucleus combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte = this makes a triploid cell
Double fertilization
The _____ ___ is left over from the three mitotic divisions that follow meiosis (this event creates #nuclei)
central cell
8
Hypocotyl develops into the _____ ________ (develops into the rest of the Root)
Radicle Meristem
Epicotyl develops into the _____ _______ (develops into the rest of the Shoot)
Apical Meristem
The epicotyl has either one or two seed leaves called cotyledons
(2) One cotyledon: characteristic of ____________ plants (Monocots) (Example: corn)
(3) Two cotyledon: characteristic of __________ plants (Eudicots) (Example: beans)
Monocotylendonous
Dicotylendonous
______ (one cotyledon)
______ (“true” dicots, two cotyledons)
Monocots
Eudicots`
Six crops yield ##% of the calories consumed by humans
1) Wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes
80%
At the current rate of habitat loss, ##% of Earth’s species will become extinct within the next 100–200 years
50%
Fungi are diverse and widespread
a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients
Fungi are diverse and widespread
a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients
Fungi are diverse and widespread
a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients
Fungi are diverse and widespread
a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients
Fungi consist of hyphae or mycelia
________: a network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption
Mycelium
Most fungi have cell walls made of _____
chitin
____ (large gap junctions) are present in septa allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles
2) Coenocytic fungi lack septa = aseptate
Pores
______ allow fungi to penetrate the tissues of their host
Haustoria
________ are mutually beneficial relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots
Mycorrhizae
_________ fungi form sheaths of hyphae over a root
a) They also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
(1) Do NOT penetrate plant cells
Ectomycorrhizal
_______ ______ fungi extend hyphae:
a) Through the cell walls of root cells, and
b) Into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane
(1) A partial penetration of plant cells
Arbuscular mycorrhizal
Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast numbers of spores
1) Spores can be sexual or asexual spores
Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast numbers of spores
1) Spores can be sexual or asexual spores
