Chapter 27 Bacteria & Archaea (Prokaryotes) Flashcards
_______ thrive almost everywhere
acidic, salty, cold, or hot
Prokaryotes
Practically all Prokaryotes are
Microscopic
Prokaryotes are divided into 2 domains
Bacteria and Archea
Most prokaryotes are _______ , although some species form colonies
Unicellular
Most prokaryotes cells are _____ much smaller than eukaryotic cells that are _____.
0.5-5um (micrometers)
10-100um
Prokaryotes Sphere shape
Cocci
Prokaryotes Rods shape
Bacilli
Prokaryotes Spiral shape
Spirilla
An important feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells is their ______
Cell Wall
Cell Wall Provides and Maintains
_____ ______
_____ _____
and _______ ______
Cell Shape
Physical Protection
Prevents the Cell from Bursting
Bacterial cell walls contain ____________
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan, a network of _____ ______ cross-linked by _____ peptides
Sugar Polymers
Short Peptides
Archaea contain ________ and ______ but lack peptidoglycan
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Using the _____ _____ scientists classify many bacterial species
Gram Stain
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram-positive
Thin peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram-negative
Found outside of cell wall in Archaea
Outer Membrane
Outer Membrane contains ___________
Lipopolysaccharids (LPS)
LPS is ____ , Induces high fever (______)
Toxic
Pyrogen
Outer carbohydrate Covering on Prokaryotes
Glycocalyx
2 types of Glycocalyx
Interlinked
Loose
Capsule (prevents dehydration) Slime Layer (Helps bacteria attach and grow)
This allows them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony
Fimbriae aka attatchment pili
Are longer than fimbriae and are hollow, allows prokayotes to exchange DNA
Sex Pili
Involved with Mobility; may have on or more than one Flagella
Flagella
an organelle that forms the base of a flagellum or cilium
Basal Body
The flagellar ____ is the long, helical screw that propels the bacterium when rotated by the motor, through the hook.
filament
flagellar _____ is a short, highly curved tubular structure that connects the flagellar motor to the long filament
Hook
Prokaryotes have considerable _____ _______
Genetic Variation
Three Factors contribute to genetic Diversity
Rapid Reproduction
Mutation
Genetic Recombination
Mutation rates during Binary Fission are _____, however because of rapid reproduction, mutations can accumulate rapidly
Low
High diversity from mutations allows for
Rapid Evolution
Prokaryotic DNA from different Individuals can be brought together by:
_____
_____
_____
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
A Prokayotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called ___________
Transformation
_________ is the movement of genes between bacteria by bacterophages (viruses that infect bacteria)
Transduction
________ is the process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells
Conjugation
Sex pili allow cells to stay together for ______
DNA transfer
A piece of DNA called the _ ___ is required for the production of sex pili
F Factor aka F = Fertility
Cells containing the F plasmid function as DNA ______ during conjugation (F+ strain)
Donors
F+ strain
Cells without the F Factor function as DNA r_______ during conjugation (F- strain)
recipients
F- strain
Obtain energy from Light
Phototrophs
Obtain Energy from Inorganic Chemicals
Chemotrophs
Require CO2 as a Carbon Source
Autotrophs
Require an Organic nutrients to make organic compounds
Heterotrophs
The 4 factors can be combined to give the 4 major modes of Nutrition \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Photoautotrophy
Chemoautotrophy
Photoheterotrophy
Chemoheterotrophy
_______ ______ Require O2 for cellular respiration
Obligate aerobes
________ __________ are poisoned by O2
Obligated anaerobes
______ _________ can survive with or without O2
Facultative anaerobes
In _______ ______, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) = _________, a unique process to bacteria
Nitrogen Fixation
diazotrophs
In the cyanobacterium _____, photosynthetic cells and nitrogen fixing cells called ________ exchange metabolic products. to help each other.
Anabaena
Heterocytes
Extreme _______ live in highly Saline(SALTY) environments
Halophiles
Extreme _______ thrive in very HOT environments
Thermophiles
_________ live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product
Methanogens
These bacteria are parasites that live within animal cells.
Chlamydias
_______ _______ causes blindness, sterility and nongonococcal urethritis by sexual transmission
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gram Positive Bacteria: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Actinomycetes
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridiu botulinum
Staphylococcus
Bacteria that decomposes soil
Actinomycetes
Bacteria that cause anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Bacteria that cause botulism
Clostridiu botulinum
Commonly found on the skin and which can be pathogenic
Staphylococcus
The smallest known Cell
Mycoplasms
______ The ecological relationship between two species.
Sumbiosis
Both symbiotic organisms benefits each other (+/+)
Mutualism (Human E-coli, poop )
1 organism gains while NEITHER gets Hurt (+/o)
Commensalism (Human Mouth & breath)
1 organism gains while the other gets Hurt (+/-)
Parasitism (Human/tape worm)
_______- ________ cause disease by releasing exotins or Endotoxins
Pathogenic Prokaryotes
_______ causes disease even if the prokaryote tha produce them are not present
Exotoxins
_______ are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down
Endotoxins