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Biology 2 > Chapter 27 Bacteria & Archaea (Prokaryotes) > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Bacteria & Archaea (Prokaryotes) Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ thrive almost everywhere

acidic, salty, cold, or hot

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

Practically all Prokaryotes are

A

Microscopic

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3
Q

Prokaryotes are divided into 2 domains

A

Bacteria and Archea

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4
Q

Most prokaryotes are _______ , although some species form colonies

A

Unicellular

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5
Q

Most prokaryotes cells are _____ much smaller than eukaryotic cells that are _____.

A

0.5-5um (micrometers)

10-100um

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6
Q

Prokaryotes Sphere shape

A

Cocci

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7
Q

Prokaryotes Rods shape

A

Bacilli

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8
Q

Prokaryotes Spiral shape

A

Spirilla

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9
Q

An important feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells is their ______

A

Cell Wall

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10
Q

Cell Wall Provides and Maintains
_____ ______
_____ _____
and _______ ______

A

Cell Shape
Physical Protection
Prevents the Cell from Bursting

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11
Q

Bacterial cell walls contain ____________

A

Peptidoglycan

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12
Q

Peptidoglycan, a network of _____ ______ cross-linked by _____ peptides

A

Sugar Polymers

Short Peptides

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13
Q

Archaea contain ________ and ______ but lack peptidoglycan

A

Polysaccharides

Proteins

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14
Q

Using the _____ _____ scientists classify many bacterial species

A

Gram Stain

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15
Q

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall

A

Gram-positive

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16
Q

Thin peptidoglycan cell wall

A

Gram-negative

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17
Q

Found outside of cell wall in Archaea

A

Outer Membrane

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18
Q

Outer Membrane contains ___________

A

Lipopolysaccharids (LPS)

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19
Q

LPS is ____ , Induces high fever (______)

A

Toxic

Pyrogen

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20
Q

Outer carbohydrate Covering on Prokaryotes

A

Glycocalyx

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21
Q

2 types of Glycocalyx
Interlinked
Loose

A 
Capsule (prevents dehydration)
Slime Layer (Helps bacteria attach and grow)
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22
Q

This allows them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony

A

Fimbriae aka attatchment pili

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23
Q

Are longer than fimbriae and are hollow, allows prokayotes to exchange DNA

A

Sex Pili

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24
Q

Involved with Mobility; may have on or more than one Flagella

A

Flagella

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25
Q

an organelle that forms the base of a flagellum or cilium

A

Basal Body

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26
Q

The flagellar ____ is the long, helical screw that propels the bacterium when rotated by the motor, through the hook.

A

filament

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27
Q

flagellar _____ is a short, highly curved tubular structure that connects the flagellar motor to the long filament

A

Hook

28
Q

Prokaryotes have considerable _____ _______

A

Genetic Variation

29
Q

Three Factors contribute to genetic Diversity

A

Rapid Reproduction
Mutation
Genetic Recombination

30
Q

Mutation rates during Binary Fission are _____, however because of rapid reproduction, mutations can accumulate rapidly

A

Low

31
Q

High diversity from mutations allows for

A

Rapid Evolution

32
Q

Prokaryotic DNA from different Individuals can be brought together by:
_____
_____
_____

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

33
Q

A Prokayotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called ___________

A

Transformation

34
Q

_________ is the movement of genes between bacteria by bacterophages (viruses that infect bacteria)

A

Transduction

35
Q

________ is the process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells

A

Conjugation

36
Q

Sex pili allow cells to stay together for ______

A

DNA transfer

37
Q

A piece of DNA called the _ ___ is required for the production of sex pili

A

F Factor aka F = Fertility

38
Q

Cells containing the F plasmid function as DNA ______ during conjugation (F+ strain)

A

Donors

F+ strain

39
Q

Cells without the F Factor function as DNA r_______ during conjugation (F- strain)

A

recipients

F- strain

40
Q

Obtain energy from Light

A

Phototrophs

41
Q

Obtain Energy from Inorganic Chemicals

A

Chemotrophs

42
Q

Require CO2 as a Carbon Source

A

Autotrophs

43
Q

Require an Organic nutrients to make organic compounds

A

Heterotrophs

44
Q 
The 4 factors can be combined to give the 4 major modes of Nutrition
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Photoautotrophy
Chemoautotrophy
Photoheterotrophy
Chemoheterotrophy

45
Q

_______ ______ Require O2 for cellular respiration

A

Obligate aerobes

46
Q

________ __________ are poisoned by O2

A

Obligated anaerobes

47
Q

______ _________ can survive with or without O2

A

Facultative anaerobes

48
Q

In _______ ______, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) = _________, a unique process to bacteria

A

Nitrogen Fixation

diazotrophs

49
Q

In the cyanobacterium _____, photosynthetic cells and nitrogen fixing cells called ________ exchange metabolic products. to help each other.

A

Anabaena

Heterocytes

50
Q

Extreme _______ live in highly Saline(SALTY) environments

A

Halophiles

51
Q

Extreme _______ thrive in very HOT environments

A

Thermophiles

52
Q

_________ live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product

A

Methanogens

53
Q

These bacteria are parasites that live within animal cells.

A

Chlamydias

54
Q

_______ _______ causes blindness, sterility and nongonococcal urethritis by sexual transmission

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

55
Q 
Gram Positive Bacteria:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Actinomycetes
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridiu botulinum
Staphylococcus

56
Q

Bacteria that decomposes soil

A

Actinomycetes

57
Q

Bacteria that cause anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

58
Q

Bacteria that cause botulism

A

Clostridiu botulinum

59
Q

Commonly found on the skin and which can be pathogenic

A

Staphylococcus

60
Q

The smallest known Cell

A

Mycoplasms

61
Q

______ The ecological relationship between two species.

A

Sumbiosis

62
Q

Both symbiotic organisms benefits each other (+/+)

A

Mutualism (Human E-coli, poop )

63
Q

1 organism gains while NEITHER gets Hurt (+/o)

A

Commensalism (Human Mouth & breath)

64
Q

1 organism gains while the other gets Hurt (+/-)

A

Parasitism (Human/tape worm)

65
Q

_______- ________ cause disease by releasing exotins or Endotoxins

A

Pathogenic Prokaryotes

66
Q

_______ causes disease even if the prokaryote tha produce them are not present

A

Exotoxins

67
Q

_______ are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

A

Endotoxins

Biology 2 (9 decks)

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