Chapter 29-30 (31-32) Flashcards
Fungi are _____ and _______
a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients
diverse and widespread
Fungi are _________ and absorb nutrients from outside of their body
heterotrophs
A __________ is an organism that cannot fix carbon from inorganic sources but uses organic carbon for growth.
heterotroph
Fungi use a number of ______ _____
1) Break down a large variety of complex molecules (including wood) into smaller organic compounds
hydrolytic enzymes
Fungi exhibit diverse lifestyles:
a. _______
b. _______
c. _______
d. _______
Decomposers
Parasites
Mutualists
Competitors
a. Microscopic fungi: _____ (single celled)
b. Macroscopic fungi: _____ (multicellular)
yeasts
molds
Some species grow as either filaments (called ______) or as yeasts (single cells)
Some can grow as both (______)
hyphae
dimorphic
Fungal Morphology
a. The morphology of multicellular fungi enhances their ability to absorb nutrients
b. Fungi consist of _____ or _____
hyphae
mycelia
_______: a network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption
Mycelium
Most fungi have cell walls made of ____
chitin
Some fungi have hyphae divided into cells by ____
Septa
____ (large gap junctions) are present in septa allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles
Pores
Coenocytic fungi lack septa = ______
aseptate
_______ allow fungi to penetrate the tissues of their host
Haustoria
Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast numbers of ______
1) Spores can be sexual or asexual spores
spores
Fungi use sexual signaling molecules called _________ to communicate their mating type
pheromones
Sexual reproduction often happens when environmental conditions have become ________ to the fungus
unfavorable
_________ is the union of two parent mycelia
1) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ means a mixing of the cytoplasm 2) This brings the two different nuclei close to each other
Plasmogamy
__________ occurs naturally in certain fungi, in which it results from the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from different strains without the fusion of their nuclei. The cell, and the hypha or mycelium containing it, is known as a heterokaryon; the most common type of heterokaryon is a ________.
heterokaryotic.
dikaryon
__________ is the fusion of nuclei of different mating types
1) Hours, days, years or even centuries may pass following plasmogamy before nuclear fusion occurs
a) Nuclear fusion is called
Karyogamy
1) Molds produce _______ _______ (conidiospores) by mitosis and form visible mycelia
2) Other fungi that can reproduce asexually are yeasts
a) Yeasts inhabit moist environments
haploid spore
Opisthokont Clade
a. Fungi, animals, and some protistan relatives form the opisthokonts clade
b. DNA evidence suggests that fungi are most closely related to unicellular nucleariids (cellular slime molds)
c. DNA evidence suggests that animals are most closely related to unicellular choanoflagellates
opisthokonts clade
. The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are only about ___# million years old
480million
Are Microsporidia Closely Related to Fungi?
a. Microsporidia are unicellular parasites of animals and protists
1) They have tiny organelles derived from mitochondria
2) However, these are not conventional mitochondria
Molecular comparisons indicate they may be closely related to fungi
Glomeromycetes: A wide-spread and important symbiosis in nature Common name: Spore structure Sex: Function:
Glomeromycetes Enoomycorrhizal Fungus Clusters, Hyphal tips ??? Symbiont on plant roots (Mosses, fungus and Angiosperm)
Chytrioomycetes: Members are found in soil, fresh water, and saline estuaries Common name: Spore structure Sex: Function:
Chytrioomycetes Water Molds Single Spores, hyphal tips asexual reproduction Decomposers in water environment
zygomycetes: They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material Common name: Spore structure Sex: Function:
zygomycetes Bread Molds Zygoporagion (BIG SAC OF SPORES) Asex or Sex (can do bot Decomposers, parasites on plants.
Ascomycetes: is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya. Common name: Spore structure: Sex: Function:
Ascomycetes Cup Fungi Spores (#4) are lined up in a sac Asex or Sex Biggest group symbionts Parasites, Decomposes Mushrooms
S.Bastdomycetes: is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya Common name: Spore structure: Sex: Function:
S.Bastdomycetes Club Fungi Basidospores are found 4 to a club Asex or Sex Symbionsts (extomycorpha Decomposers
Fungi as Decomposers
a. Fungi are efficient decomposers
b. They perform essential recycling of ______ _____
chemical elements
Fungus-Animal Symbioses
1) Some fungi share their digestive services with animals
2) These fungi help break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals (ruminants = animals with rumens)
Fungus-Animal Symbioses
1) Some fungi share their digestive services with animals
2) These fungi help break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals (ruminants = animals with rumens)
1) ____ are a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism (algae) and a fungus
a) Millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal mycelium
Lichens
Fungi as Pathogens
a. About 30% of known fungal species are parasites or pathogens
a) Mostly on or in plants
b. Some fungi that attack food crops produce substances (__________) that are toxic to humans (disease = _____)
mycotoxins
mycosis
Practical Uses of Fungi
a. Humans eat many fungi
b. Use other fungi to make cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and bread
c. Some fungi are used to produce antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections
1) For example, the ascomycete Penicillium
Practical Uses of Fungi
a. Humans eat many fungi
b. Use other fungi to make cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and bread
c. Some fungi are used to produce antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections
1) For example, the ascomycete Penicillium
Animal Kingdom is _________
Monophyletic
.Tissue Types
________(all animals): have some specialized cells
Metazoa
.Tissue Types
Metazoa is divided into two general categories.
a) _______ (no specialized tissue or organs)
b) _______ (more than one type of tissue and organs)
Parazoa, like sponges
Eumetazoa, like insects
.Symmetry
Eurmetazoa are Radially symmetrical (______) or Bilaterally symmetrical (________).
Radiata
Bilateria
Bilateria animels have ___________ (head and tail) and dorcal and ventral sides.
cephalization
General pattern for embryo development
Ovum+Sperm–>Zygote–>Cell cluster–> ______ (one cell layer = ectoderm)–> Gastrulation (invagination) to produce a second cell layer = edoderm)–> Gastrula (2 layers initially)
Blastula (one cell layer = ectoderm)
Later in some species, formation of a third layer, a middle layer______
Mesoderm
Radial animes have oral and aboral sides
Only two germ layers = Diploblastic (______)
Radiata
Bilateral animals are triploblastic (_______)
3 gem layers present
(Bilateria)
Inner-Layer _______
Endoderm
Outer layer_______
Ectoderm
Middle layer\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (3rd layer) found only in bilateral animes, forms organs and muscles
Mesoderm
.Body Cavity
_____ ______ - body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm
True Coelom or Coelom
.Body Cavity
___________ - coelom is not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm
Pseudocoelom
.Body Cavity
________ - Lack a body cavity entirely
Fluid filled body cavity can protect internal organs.
Acoelom
.Embryonic Development
________-Spiral cleavage, cleavage determinate.
Blastopore becomes ____
Protostome
Mouth
.Embryonic Development
________-Radial Cleavage, cleavage is indeterminate.
Blastopore becomes ___
Deuterostome
Anus
4 main morphological and developemental features used a) b) c) d)
Presence or absence of different tissue types
Type of body symmerty
Presence or absence of a true body cavity
Patterns of embryonic development
Out of the 11 Major Phyla only 1 of them are not _______
Eumetazoa
1._______ (sponges) = only phyla that is in the Parazoa
Porifera
2.______ (jellyfish) and ________ (comb jellies) = Radiata
Phyla Cnidaria / Ctenophora
3.________ (Flatworms)
Platyhelminthes
4.________ Common name: feeding tentacle or tube worm. Sea mats, sea mos
Lophophorata
5._______ named for ciliated crown or corona (wheel animals)
Rotifera
6.______ Soft body with, in many species, protective external shell. (mollusks
Mollusca
7.______. Rings are distinct segments separated by a septum (segmented worms)
Annelida
9.
Arthropods
9.______:Perhaps most successful phylum 75%
(¾) of all described living species
(insects, spiders, crabs)
Arthropods
10.__________-Sea stars, uchins ….
Echinoderata
11._________-
mammals, fish, birds, reptiles
Chordata
Land presented challenges: a ____ _____ and lack of ______ ______
a. The accumulation of traits that facilitated survival on land may have opened the way to its colonization by plants
scarcity of water
structural support
Four key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes: a. b. c. d.
a. Alternation of generations (with multicellular, dependent embryos)
b. Walled spores produced in sporangia
c. Multicellular gametangia
d. Apical meristems
Additional derived traits \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ (mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients
a. Cuticle
b. Secondary compounds evolved in many plant species
c. Symbiotic associations between fungi (mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients
A haploid (n) spore germinates (either male or female), grows vegetatively, and forms the ________
gametophyte
The gametes are formed in the ___________ (two types, ♀ and ♂)
gametangia
Male (♂) gametophyte (n): produces the _________
antheridium
Female (♀): Nucleus acceptor, formed in the _______
archegonium
The zygote produces an _______
embryo (2n)
The embryo grows to produce a _________
sporophyte
The sporophyte gives rise to the ______
sporangia
Within the sporangia, ______ are produced
sporogonia
Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through _________ _______ _____ (nurse cells)
placental transfer cells
Spore walls contain __________, which makes them resistant to harsh environments
sporopollenin
Bryophytes: ___ vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo
NO
_______ (club mosses and their relatives), the most important group are the Bryophytes
Lycophytes
_________ (ferns and their relatives)
____Vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo
Pterophytes
Vasculature, NO real seeds, NO reserves for embryo
Seedless vascular plants are
paraphyletic
________, the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers
____Vasculature, ___Real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo
Gymnosperms
Vasculature, Real seeds, NO reserves for embryo
the flowering plants
____Vasculature, ____Real seeds, ___Reserves for embryo (fruit)
Angiosperms
Vasculature, Real seeds, Reserves for embryo (fruit)
A sporophyte consists of a:
1)
2) (stalk)
3) also called a capsule
1) Foot
2) Seta (stalk)
3) Sporangium, also called a capsule
_________: The Rule among Seed Plants
Heterospory
Gymnosperm megaspores have ___ integument
one integument
Angiosperm megaspores usually have ___ integuments
two integuments
Gymnosperm Evolution
1) Fossil evidence reveals that some plants had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants
a) Early plants were called __________,
b) Happened in the late Devonian period
progymnosperms
Gymnosperms were better suited than nonvascular plants to
drier conditions
The familiar larger cones contain ovules
1) Produce _________ (♀) that develop into female gametophytes (♀)
megaspores
______ (or Pistils), which produce ovules
Carpels
______ a long extension, through which a pollen tube grows
(1) A pollen tube can also be called a germ tube
Style
_______on top, sticky, where pollen is received
Stigma
Hypocotyl develops into the _____ ________ (develops into the rest of the Root)
Radicle Meristem
______ (one cotyledon)
______ (“true” dicots, two cotyledons)
Monocots
Eudicots`
Fungi consist of hyphae or mycelia
________: a network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption
Mycelium
______ allow fungi to penetrate the tissues of their host
Haustoria
Develops from the endosperm, a special tissue that is ______
triploid (3n)
A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves:
1) ______, which enclose the flower
2) _____, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
3) _____, which produce pollen
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
