Chapter 29-30 (31-32) Flashcards by SnackM8 Unknown

Fungi are _____ and _______

a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients

diverse and widespread

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fungi are _________ and absorb nutrients from outside of their body

heterotrophs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A __________ is an organism that cannot fix carbon from inorganic sources but uses organic carbon for growth.

heterotroph

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fungi use a number of ______ _____

1) Break down a large variety of complex molecules (including wood) into smaller organic compounds

hydrolytic enzymes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fungi exhibit diverse lifestyles:

a. _______
b. _______
c. _______
d. _______

Decomposers
Parasites
Mutualists
Competitors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a. Microscopic fungi: _____ (single celled)

b. Macroscopic fungi: _____ (multicellular)

yeasts

molds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Some species grow as either filaments (called ______) or as yeasts (single cells)
Some can grow as both (______)

hyphae

dimorphic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fungal Morphology

a. The morphology of multicellular fungi enhances their ability to absorb nutrients
b. Fungi consist of _____ or _____

hyphae

mycelia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______: a network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

Mycelium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most fungi have cell walls made of ____

chitin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Some fungi have hyphae divided into cells by ____

Septa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____ (large gap junctions) are present in septa allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles

Pores

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Coenocytic fungi lack septa = ______

aseptate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______ allow fungi to penetrate the tissues of their host

Haustoria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast numbers of ______
1) Spores can be sexual or asexual spores

spores

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fungi use sexual signaling molecules called _________ to communicate their mating type

pheromones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sexual reproduction often happens when environmental conditions have become ________ to the fungus

unfavorable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_________ is the union of two parent mycelia

1) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ means a mixing of the cytoplasm 
2) This brings the two different nuclei close to each other

Plasmogamy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________ occurs naturally in certain fungi, in which it results from the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from different strains without the fusion of their nuclei. The cell, and the hypha or mycelium containing it, is known as a heterokaryon; the most common type of heterokaryon is a ________.

heterokaryotic.

dikaryon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________ is the fusion of nuclei of different mating types

1) Hours, days, years or even centuries may pass following plasmogamy before nuclear fusion occurs
a) Nuclear fusion is called

Karyogamy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1) Molds produce _______ _______ (conidiospores) by mitosis and form visible mycelia
2) Other fungi that can reproduce asexually are yeasts
a) Yeasts inhabit moist environments

haploid spore

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Opisthokont Clade

a. Fungi, animals, and some protistan relatives form the opisthokonts clade
b. DNA evidence suggests that fungi are most closely related to unicellular nucleariids (cellular slime molds)
c. DNA evidence suggests that animals are most closely related to unicellular choanoflagellates

opisthokonts clade

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

. The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are only about ___# million years old

480million

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Are Microsporidia Closely Related to Fungi?

a. Microsporidia are unicellular parasites of animals and protists
1) They have tiny organelles derived from mitochondria
2) However, these are not conventional mitochondria

Molecular comparisons indicate they may be closely related to fungi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

``` Glomeromycetes: A wide-spread and important symbiosis in nature Common name: Spore structure Sex: Function: ```

``` Glomeromycetes Enoomycorrhizal Fungus Clusters, Hyphal tips ??? Symbiont on plant roots (Mosses, fungus and Angiosperm) ```

``` Chytrioomycetes: Members are found in soil, fresh water, and saline estuaries Common name: Spore structure Sex: Function: ```

``` Chytrioomycetes Water Molds Single Spores, hyphal tips asexual reproduction Decomposers in water environment ```

``` zygomycetes: They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material Common name: Spore structure Sex: Function: ```

``` zygomycetes Bread Molds Zygoporagion (BIG SAC OF SPORES) Asex or Sex (can do bot Decomposers, parasites on plants. ```

``` Ascomycetes: is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya. Common name: Spore structure: Sex: Function: ```

``` Ascomycetes Cup Fungi Spores (#4) are lined up in a sac Asex or Sex Biggest group symbionts Parasites, Decomposes Mushrooms ```

``` S.Bastdomycetes: is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya Common name: Spore structure: Sex: Function: ```

``` S.Bastdomycetes Club Fungi Basidospores are found 4 to a club Asex or Sex Symbionsts (extomycorpha Decomposers ```

Fungi as Decomposers a. Fungi are efficient decomposers b. They perform essential recycling of ______ _____

chemical elements

Fungus-Animal Symbioses 1) Some fungi share their digestive services with animals 2) These fungi help break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing mammals (ruminants = animals with rumens)

1) ____ are a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism (algae) and a fungus a) Millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal mycelium

Lichens

Fungi as Pathogens a. About 30% of known fungal species are parasites or pathogens a) Mostly on or in plants b. Some fungi that attack food crops produce substances (__________) that are toxic to humans (disease = _____)

mycotoxins | mycosis

Practical Uses of Fungi a. Humans eat many fungi b. Use other fungi to make cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and bread c. Some fungi are used to produce antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections 1) For example, the ascomycete Penicillium

Animal Kingdom is _________

Monophyletic

.Tissue Types | ________(all animals): have some specialized cells

Metazoa

.Tissue Types Metazoa is divided into two general categories. a) _______ (no specialized tissue or organs) b) _______ (more than one type of tissue and organs)

Parazoa, like sponges | Eumetazoa, like insects

.Symmetry | Eurmetazoa are Radially symmetrical (______) or Bilaterally symmetrical (________).

Radiata | Bilateria

Bilateria animels have ___________ (head and tail) and dorcal and ventral sides.

cephalization

General pattern for embryo development Ovum+Sperm-->Zygote-->Cell cluster--> ______ (one cell layer = ectoderm)--> Gastrulation (invagination) to produce a second cell layer = edoderm)--> Gastrula (2 layers initially)

Blastula (one cell layer = ectoderm)

Later in some species, formation of a third layer, a middle layer______

Mesoderm

Radial animes have oral and aboral sides | Only two germ layers = Diploblastic (______)

Radiata

Bilateral animals are triploblastic (_______) | 3 gem layers present

(Bilateria)

Inner-Layer _______

Endoderm

Outer layer_______

Ectoderm

``` Middle layer_______ (3rd layer) found only in bilateral animes, forms organs and muscles ```

Mesoderm

.Body Cavity | _____ ______ - body cavity is completely lined with mesoderm

True Coelom or Coelom

.Body Cavity | ___________ - coelom is not completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

Pseudocoelom

.Body Cavity ________ - Lack a body cavity entirely Fluid filled body cavity can protect internal organs.

Acoelom

.Embryonic Development ________-Spiral cleavage, cleavage determinate. Blastopore becomes ____

Protostome | Mouth

.Embryonic Development ________-Radial Cleavage, cleavage is indeterminate. Blastopore becomes ___

Deuterostome | Anus

``` 4 main morphological and developemental features used a) b) c) d) ```

Presence or absence of different tissue types Type of body symmerty Presence or absence of a true body cavity Patterns of embryonic development

Out of the 11 Major Phyla only 1 of them are not _______

Eumetazoa

1._______ (sponges) = only phyla that is in the Parazoa

Porifera

2.______ (jellyfish) and ________ (comb jellies) = Radiata

Phyla Cnidaria / Ctenophora

3.________ (Flatworms)

Platyhelminthes

4.________ Common name: feeding tentacle or tube worm. Sea mats, sea mos

Lophophorata

5._______ named for ciliated crown or corona (wheel animals)

Rotifera

6.______ Soft body with, in many species, protective external shell. (mollusks

Mollusca

7.______. Rings are distinct segments separated by a septum (segmented worms)

Annelida

Arthropods

9.______:Perhaps most successful phylum 75% (¾) of all described living species (insects, spiders, crabs)

Arthropods

10.__________-Sea stars, uchins ....

Echinoderata

11._________- | mammals, fish, birds, reptiles

Chordata

Land presented challenges: a ____ _____ and lack of ______ ______ a. The accumulation of traits that facilitated survival on land may have opened the way to its colonization by plants

scarcity of water | structural support

``` Four key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes: a. b. c. d. ```

a. Alternation of generations (with multicellular, dependent embryos) b. Walled spores produced in sporangia c. Multicellular gametangia d. Apical meristems

``` Additional derived traits ___ ___ ___ (mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients ```

a. Cuticle b. Secondary compounds evolved in many plant species c. Symbiotic associations between fungi (mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients

A haploid (n) spore germinates (either male or female), grows vegetatively, and forms the ________

gametophyte

The gametes are formed in the ___________ (two types, ♀ and ♂)

gametangia

Male (♂) gametophyte (n): produces the _________

antheridium

Female (♀): Nucleus acceptor, formed in the _______

archegonium

The zygote produces an _______

embryo (2n)

The embryo grows to produce a _________

sporophyte

The sporophyte gives rise to the ______

sporangia

Within the sporangia, ______ are produced

sporogonia

Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through _________ _______ _____ (nurse cells)

placental transfer cells

Spore walls contain __________, which makes them resistant to harsh environments

sporopollenin

Bryophytes: ___ vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo

_______ (club mosses and their relatives), the most important group are the Bryophytes

Lycophytes

_________ (ferns and their relatives) | ____Vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo

Pterophytes | Vasculature, NO real seeds, NO reserves for embryo

Seedless vascular plants are

paraphyletic

________, the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers | ____Vasculature, ___Real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo

Gymnosperms | Vasculature, Real seeds, NO reserves for embryo

the flowering plants | ____Vasculature, ____Real seeds, ___Reserves for embryo (fruit)

Angiosperms | Vasculature, Real seeds, Reserves for embryo (fruit)

A sporophyte consists of a: 1) 2) (stalk) 3) also called a capsule

1) Foot 2) Seta (stalk) 3) Sporangium, also called a capsule

_________: The Rule among Seed Plants

Heterospory

Gymnosperm megaspores have ___ integument

one integument

Angiosperm megaspores usually have ___ integuments

two integuments

Gymnosperm Evolution 1) Fossil evidence reveals that some plants had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants a) Early plants were called __________, b) Happened in the late Devonian period

progymnosperms

Gymnosperms were better suited than nonvascular plants to

drier conditions

The familiar larger cones contain ovules | 1) Produce _________ (♀) that develop into female gametophytes (♀)

megaspores

______ (or Pistils), which produce ovules

Carpels

______ a long extension, through which a pollen tube grows | (1) A pollen tube can also be called a germ tube

Style

_______on top, sticky, where pollen is received

Stigma

Hypocotyl develops into the _____ ________ (develops into the rest of the Root)

Radicle Meristem

______ (one cotyledon) | ______ (“true” dicots, two cotyledons)

Monocots | Eudicots`

Fungi consist of hyphae or mycelia | ________: a network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

Mycelium

______ allow fungi to penetrate the tissues of their host

Haustoria

Develops from the endosperm, a special tissue that is ______

triploid (3n)

A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves: 1) ______, which enclose the flower 2) _____, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators 3) _____, which produce pollen

Sepals Petals Stamens