Chapter 29: Plants and Conquest Flashcards
Green algae called _______ are the closest relatives of land plants.
Charophytes
Land plants share 4 Key Traits only with charophytes: Rose-shaped \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ Structure of \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ Formation of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Rose-shaped complexe for cellulose synthesis
Peroxisome enzymes
Structure of Flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast
Note that land plants are not descended from modern charophytes
They share a common ancestor with modern charophytes
In charophytes a layer of a durable polymer called ___________ prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
Sporopollenin
The movement onto land by charophyte ancestors provided them with:
Unfiltered sun
More Plentiful CO2
Nutrient-rich soil
Few Herbivores or pathogens
Land presented challenges: _______& _______
A scarcity of water
Lack of structural support
4 Key traits that appear nearly in all land plants but charophytes
Alternation of generations (multicellular, dependent embryos)
Walled spores produced in sporangia
multicellular gametangia
Apical Meristems
a protective and waxy or hard layer covering the epidermis of a plant, invertebrate, or shell.
Cuticle
Plants alternate between ___________-
Two multicellular stages (haploid and diploid)
a pattern of reproduction occurring in the life cycles of many lower plants and some invertebrates, involving a regular alternation between two distinct forms.
alternation of generations
A _______ germinates (either male or female), grows vegetatively, and forms the gametophyte.
Haploid (n) spore
The gametophyte is ______ and produces ____ gametes by _____.
Haploid
Haploid
Mitosis
In lower plants, Gametes are formed in the _________ (two types, girl and boy)
Gametangia
In lower Plants, Male gametophyte (n): produces the _______
Antheridium
it creates the male gamete and is produced by mitosis)
in lower Plants, Female: formed in the ____________
Archegonium
it creates the female gamete
_________ happens when the spem swims to the egg, fuses with the egg and the two nuclei fuse.
Fertilization
After the egg and the sperm fuse together and the two nuclei fuse, a ____ _____ (2n) is made
Diploid zygote (2n)
The Zygote produces an ______
Embryo
The Embryo grows to produce a ______
Sporophyte
Sporophyte gives rise to the ____
Sporangia
Within the Sporangia, _____ are produced
Sporogoia are produced
Sporogoia are also called
Spore mother cells
One Sporogonia produces _# spores by ____.
4# Spores by Meiosis
Spore walls contain __________ which makes them resistant to harsh environments.
Sporopollenin
Fossil evidence indicates that plants were on lad at least
475 million years ago
The kingdom plantae has 4 divisions (mosses) (ferns) (Conifers) (Flowering plants)
Bryophyte (mosses) Pterophytes (ferns) Gymnosperm (Conifers) and Angiosperm (Flowering plants)
Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of _____ ____.
vascular tissue (tubes that can transport water, salts, sugars and organic molecules)
a. Higher plants have ______
b. Nonvascular plants are commonly called ______
a. vascular plants
b. Bryohytes
Bryophytes: (mosses)
___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo
No, No, No
Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives).
the most important group are the Bryophytes.
Pterophytes: (ferns and their relatives)
___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo
Yes, No, No
Gymnosperm (the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers)
___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo
Yes, Yes, No
Angiosperms: the flowering plants
___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo (fruit)
Yes, Yes, Yes
______ means fertilized seed; advanced plant
sperm
Bryophytes are represented today by three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants:
1) Liverworts,
2) Hornworts,
3) Mosses,
phylum Hepatophyta
phylum Anthocerophyta
phylum Bryophyta
In all three bryophyte phyla, gametophytes (haploid) are ______ and _____-living than sporophytes (diploid)
Larger and longer-living
Gametophytes produce:
Flagellated sperm in ______
An egg in each _______
antheridia (the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants.)
archegonium (the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.)
Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of ______
archegonia (the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.)
_____ are capable of inhabiting diverse and sometimes extreme environments.
Some mosses might help retain _____________
Mosses
nitrogen in the soil
______ and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall
Ferns
Sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the _________________
dominant generation
The __________ are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface
gametophytes
Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue:
_______
_______
xylem and phloem
______ conducts most of the water and minerals
a) Includes dead cells called tracheids
Xylem
______ consists of living cells
a) Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic molecules
Phloem
Leaves are categorized by two types:
______leaves with a single vein
______leaves with a highly branched vascular system
Microphylls
Megaphylls
There are two phyla of seedless vascular plants:
a. Phylum _______ includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
b. Phylum _______ includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives
Lycophyta
Pterophyta
