40/54/56/57and58 Flashcards by SnackM8 Unknown

Specialized cells of a given types cluster together.

Tissues

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4 categories of Tissues
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_

Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective

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Cells specialized to contract generating force

Muscle tissue

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3 types Muscle tissue
____ – attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion, voluntary control
____– surrounds hollow tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents, involuntary control
____– only in the heart, involuntary control

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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Initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animal’s body to another

Nervous tissue

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Single nerve cell called a

neuron

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Electrical signals produced in one nerve cell may stimulate or inhibit other nerve cells to
Initiate new _____ _____
Stimulate muscle _ _____
Stimulate glands _ ____ _____

Initiate new electrical signals
Stimulate muscle to contract
Stimulate glands to release chemicals

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Specialized to protect and secrete or absorb.Sheets of densely-packed cells that
Cover the body or individual organs
Line the walls of body cavities
_______ _______

Epithelial tissues

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Epithelial tissues
All are asymmetrical or polarized
Rest on _____ _____ or ______ _____

basal lamina

basement membrane

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Connect, anchor, and support.
Includes blood, adipose, bone, cartilage, loose and dense connective tissue
Form an extracellular matrix around cells

Connective tissues

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Connective tissues
provides.
\_\_\_
\_\_\_
\_\_\_
\_\_\_

Provides scaffold for attachment
Protects and cushions
Mechanical strength
Transmit information

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Blood = fluid, cells (___, ___, ________) proteins, clotting factors

RBC
WBC
macro- phage

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Blood separated from cells by allowing cells to settle =

aka fluid portion of blood

Plasma

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Blood separated from cells by forming a clot =

Serum

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When Blood loses its RBC =

also found as a fluid between tissues

Lymph

(contains WBC ) Leucaytes

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RBC all alone is called =

Erythrocytes

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_______ are large bone marrow that creates platelets

Megakaryocytes

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Blood phagocytes that rapidly grow into a Macrophage and dendritic cells

Monocytes

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Largest phagocyte that ingests and kill foreign cells.

Macrophage

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Composed of 2 or more kinds of tissues = _____

different organs work together to perform an overall function =

Organs

Organ system

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Organ Development and Function Are Controlled by

Homeotic Genes

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_________ = family of ancient highly conserved genes found in all animals

Homeotic genes

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Determine timing and spatial patterning of the anteroposterior body axis during development
in vertebrates known as the ___ genes

Hox genes

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Hox genes also important for growth, development and function of organs in adults

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Movement of most solutes between compartments or across plasma membranes is mediated by transport proteins passive and requires a channel

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of most solutes between compartments or across plasma membranes is mediated by transport proteins requires ATP and a transporter

Active transport

All respiratory organs have an _______ _____ area

extensive surface area

Process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external surroundings

Homeostasis

maintain same fluid composition as environment – cheaper

Conformers

internal composition of fluids different from environment – more expensive

Regulators

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment _______

Ecology

Studies how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges. ________ _____

Organismal ecology

A _______ is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

population

________ focuses on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area

Population ecology

A ________ is a group of populations of different species in an area

community

________ deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community

Community ecology

An _________ is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

ecosystem

________ _______ emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components

Ecosystem ecology

A ________ is a mosaic of connected ecosystems

landscape

________ deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region

Landscape ecology

The ________ is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems

biosphere

_______ ______ examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

Global ecology

Ecology has a long history as a ___________ science. | More recently, ecology has also become a rigorous experimental science

descriptive science

Ecology provides the scientific understanding that underlies environmental issues. _____ _____ is credited with starting the modern environmental movement with the publication of ______ _____ in ____(#)

Rachel Carson is credited the publication of Silent Spring 1962

Species distribution may be limited by habitat selection behavior Biotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms may include:

Interactions with other species Predation Competition

``` Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of the environment that can often have a major influence on living organisms. These abiotic factors include: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ and ____ ```

``` Temperature Water (Precipitation or Humidity) Sunlight Wind Rocks and soil ```

________ consists of patterns on the global, regional, and local level. the overall climate of a region usually a large geographic area

Macroclimate

________ consists of very fine patterns. | the climate of a very small or restricted area, especially when this differs from the climate of the surrounding area.

Microclimate

Warm wet air flows from the tropics toward the poles

(Hot and Humid) = are home to millions of animal species. rainfall is relatively constant or precipitation is highly seasonal (Hot and Moderate Moisture) = Grasses and forbs (Euphorbiaceae) make up most of the ground cover (Hot and Dry) =many kinds of snakes and lizards, scorpions, ants, beetles, and more with many are nocturnal

Tropical Forests = (Hot and Humid) Savanna = (Hot and Moderate Moisture) Desert = (Hot and Dry)

(Moderate Temp and Humid) = Winters are cool, while summers are hot and humid. Significant precipitation falls year round as rain and snow (Mod. Temp and Mod. Moisture) = Winters are cold and dry, while summers are wet and hot (Moderate Temp and Dry) = climate is highly seasonal is dominated by shrubs, small trees, grasses, and herbs; many plants are

Broadleaf Forest = (Moderate Temp and Humid) Temperate Grassland = (Mod. Temp and Mod. Moisture) Chaparral = (Moderate Temp and Dry)

(Cold and Humid) = It is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth (Cold and Moderate Moisture) = Winters are long and cold while summers are relatively cool; precipitation varies (Cold and Dry) = arctic ice

Conifer Forest = (Cold and Humid) Tundra = (Cold and Moderate Moisture) Polar Ice = (Cold and Dry)

The largest Biome in the world is the northern _____ ____

Coniferous Forest

The Grass land in the united states use to be the biggest biome there but now its the _____ ____ in the rocky mounts

Coniferous Forest

Many aquatic biomes are stratified into zones or layers defined by _______ _______ _______

Light Penetration Temperature Depth

The upper ______ zone has sufficient light for photosynthesis while the lower _____ zone receives little light

photic zone | aphotic zone

The organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones is called the _____ zone

benthic zone

______, dead organic matter, falls from the productive surface water and is an important source of food

Detritus

In oceans and most lakes, a temperature boundary called the _______ separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water

thermocline

Many lakes undergo a semiannual mixing of their waters called ______. it mixes oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient-rich water from the bottom

Turnover

__________ lakes are nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich

Oligotrophic lakes

_________ lakes are nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen if ice covered in winter

Eutrophic lakes

Rooted and floating aquatic plants live in the shallow and well-lighted _____ zone

littoral zone

A _______ is a habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil can develop in shallow basins, along flooded river banks, or on the coasts of large lakes and seas

wetland

____ ____ are formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals Corals require a solid substrate for attachment

Coral reefs

Biomes are affected not just by average temperature and precipitation, but also by the pattern of temperature and precipitation through the year

_____ is the number of individuals per unit area or volume. | _______ is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population.

Density | Dispersion

_______ is the influx of new individuals from other areas | _______ is the movement of individuals out of a population

Immigration | Emigration

3 Patterns of Dispersion 1) In a _________ dispersion, individuals aggregate in patches 2) A _______ dispersion is one in which individuals are evenly distributed 3) In a _______ dispersion, the position of each individual is independent of other individuals

clumped dispersion uniform dispersion random dispersion

________ is the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time (Death rates and birth rates are of particular interest to demographers)

Demography

A ____ ____ is an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population. It is best made by following the fate of a cohort, a group of individuals of the same age

Life Table

A _________ ___ is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table by showing it as a line graph.

survivorship curve

3 types of Survivorship curves: Type _: the death rate is constant over the organism’s life span Type _: low death rates during early and middle life, then an increase among older age groups Type _: high death rates for the young, then a slower death rate for survivors

Type II Type I Type III

Life history traits are products of natural selection An organism’s life history comprises the traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival: 1) The age at which reproduction begins 2) How often the organism reproduces 3) How many offspring are produced during each reproductive cycle

Species that exhibit ________ reproduce once and die | Species that exhibit ________ produce offspring repeatedly

semelparity | iteroparity

Some plants produce a large number of small seeds | 2) This is a semelparity strategy (__-___ reproduction)

big-bang

Other types of plants produce a moderate number of large seeds that provide a large store of energy that will help seedlings become established. 1) This is an iteroparity strategy (_______ reproduction)

repeated reproduction

Exponential population growth results in a _-____ ____ The _-____ ____ of exponential growth characterizes some rebounding populations in protected environments. "Doubling over a specific time period" "No limitations on growth" "Unrealistic"

J-shaped curve

Logistic Growth results in a _-____ ____ The logistic model: a population grows slower as it nears its carrying capacity Exponential growth cannot be sustained for long in any population. "realistic" "Limitation cause the population"

S-Shaped Curve

``` Parts of the Growth Curves First 2 exist on both types of curves 1)______= Starting point, slow. 2)_____= Rapid growth. 3rd and 4th stage is only for Logistic growth Curves 3)_____= slowly hits a cap. 4)_____= starts to drop. ```

Lag phase Exponentic phase Stationary Phase Decline Phase

K-selection, or density-_____ selection, selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density

density-dependent

Remember, K depends on population size and density "r-selection, or density-_____ selection", selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction. Remember, r only depends on births and deaths

density-independent

In density-_______ populations, birth rate and death rate do not change with population density. (These are r selection populations)

density-independent

2. In density-_______ populations, birth rates fall and death rates rise with population density. (These are K selection populations)

density-dependent

``` Density-dependent birth and death rates are an example of negative feedback that regulates population growth. They are affected by many factors, such as: a) Competition for resources (famine) b) Territoriality c) Disease d) Predation (and pestilence) e) Toxic wastes f) Intrinsic factors ```

a) Competition for resources (famine) b) Territoriality c) Disease d) Predation (and pestilence) e) Toxic wastes f) Intrinsic factors

__________ are groups of populations linked by immigration

Metapopulations

1) Zero population growth = High birth rate – High death rate Common in _____ areas or Developing countries 2) Zero population growth = Low birth rate – Low death rate Common in _____ areas or Developed countries

Rural areas | Urban areas

The ________ ______ is the move from the first state toward the second state Quality of health care Improved access to education

demographic transition

Age structure is the relative number of individuals at each age. Four patterns: 1) Pyramid = Rapidly growing populations ex. Afghanistan 2) Column = Stable Populations ex. Sweden 3) Column with Bulge = Stable with imbalance ex. U.S.A. 4) Inverted Pyramid = Declining Population ex. Russia

Pyramid Column Column with Bulge Inverted Pyramid

Ecologists call relationships between species in a community _________ _________

interspecific interactions

``` Examples of Interspecific Interactions: _______ _______ _______ _______ (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) ```

Competition Predation Herbivory Symbiosis

The total of a species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources is called the species’ ecological niche (what a species does) Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches

``` Interspecific competition (?/? interaction) hint: The competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place ```

``` Interspecific competition (-/- interaction) hint: The competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place ```

Fundamental niche is the entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself. Realized niche is the set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account.

Predation (?/? interaction) refers to interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

Predation (+/- interaction) refers to interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

Prey display various defensive adaptations | Behavioral defenses include hiding, fleeing, forming herds or schools, self-defense, and alarm calls

Herbivory (?/? interaction) refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga

Herbivory (+/- interaction) refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga

_______is a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

Symbiosis

In parasitism (?/? interaction), one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process

In parasitism (+/- interaction), one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process

Parasites that live within the body of their host are called ____parasites; parasites that live on the external surface of a host are ____parasites

endoparasites | ectoparasites

________ (+/+ interaction), is an interspecific interaction that benefits both species

mutualism

A mutualism can be ______, where one species cannot survive without the other ______, where both species can survive alone

Obligate | Facultative

In __________ (+/0 interaction), one species benefits and the other is apparently unaffected

commensalism