40/54/56/57and58 Flashcards
Specialized cells of a given types cluster together.
Tissues
4 categories of Tissues \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective
Cells specialized to contract generating force
Muscle tissue
3 types Muscle tissue
____ – attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion, voluntary control
____– surrounds hollow tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents, involuntary control
____– only in the heart, involuntary control
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animal’s body to another
Nervous tissue
Single nerve cell called a
neuron
Electrical signals produced in one nerve cell may stimulate or inhibit other nerve cells to
Initiate new _____ _____
Stimulate muscle _ _____
Stimulate glands _ ____ _____
Initiate new electrical signals
Stimulate muscle to contract
Stimulate glands to release chemicals
Specialized to protect and secrete or absorb.Sheets of densely-packed cells that
Cover the body or individual organs
Line the walls of body cavities
_______ _______
Epithelial tissues
Epithelial tissues
All are asymmetrical or polarized
Rest on _____ _____ or ______ _____
basal lamina
basement membrane
Connect, anchor, and support.
Includes blood, adipose, bone, cartilage, loose and dense connective tissue
Form an extracellular matrix around cells
Connective tissues
Connective tissues provides. \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_
Provides scaffold for attachment
Protects and cushions
Mechanical strength
Transmit information
Blood = fluid, cells (___, ___, ________) proteins, clotting factors
RBC
WBC
macro- phage
Blood separated from cells by allowing cells to settle =
aka fluid portion of blood
Plasma
Blood separated from cells by forming a clot =
Serum
When Blood loses its RBC =
also found as a fluid between tissues
Lymph
(contains WBC ) Leucaytes
RBC all alone is called =
Erythrocytes
_______ are large bone marrow that creates platelets
Megakaryocytes
Blood phagocytes that rapidly grow into a Macrophage and dendritic cells
Monocytes
Largest phagocyte that ingests and kill foreign cells.
Macrophage
Composed of 2 or more kinds of tissues = _____
different organs work together to perform an overall function =
Organs
Organ system
Organ Development and Function Are Controlled by
Homeotic Genes
_________ = family of ancient highly conserved genes found in all animals
Homeotic genes
Determine timing and spatial patterning of the anteroposterior body axis during development
in vertebrates known as the ___ genes
Hox genes
Hox genes also important for growth, development and function of organs in adults
Hox genes also important for growth, development and function of organs in adults
Movement of most solutes between compartments or across plasma membranes is mediated by transport proteins
passive and requires a channel
Facilitated diffusion
Movement of most solutes between compartments or across plasma membranes is mediated by transport proteins
requires ATP and a transporter
Active transport
All respiratory organs have an _______ _____ area
extensive surface area
Process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external surroundings
Homeostasis
maintain same fluid composition as environment – cheaper
Conformers
internal composition of fluids different from environment – more expensive
Regulators
the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment _______
Ecology
Studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges.
________ _____
Organismal ecology
A _______ is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area
population
________ focuses on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area
Population ecology
A ________ is a group of populations of different species in an area
community
________ deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community
Community ecology
An _________ is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact
ecosystem
________ _______ emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components
Ecosystem ecology
A ________ is a mosaic of connected ecosystems
landscape
________ deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region
Landscape ecology
The ________ is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems
biosphere
_______ ______ examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere
Global ecology
Ecology has a long history as a ___________ science.
More recently, ecology has also become a rigorous experimental science
descriptive science
Ecology provides the scientific understanding that underlies environmental issues.
_____ _____ is credited with starting the modern environmental movement with the publication of ______ _____ in ____(#)
Rachel Carson
is credited the publication of Silent Spring
1962
Species distribution may be limited by habitat selection behavior
Biotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms may include:
Interactions with other species
Predation
Competition
Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of the environment that can often have a major influence on living organisms. These abiotic factors include: \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_
Temperature Water (Precipitation or Humidity) Sunlight Wind Rocks and soil
________ consists of patterns on the global, regional, and local level.
the overall climate of a region usually a large geographic area
Macroclimate
________ consists of very fine patterns.
the climate of a very small or restricted area, especially when this differs from the climate of the surrounding area.
Microclimate
Warm wet air flows from the tropics toward the poles
Warm wet air flows from the tropics toward the poles
(Hot and Humid) = are home to millions of animal species. rainfall is relatively constant or precipitation is highly seasonal
(Hot and Moderate Moisture) = Grasses and forbs (Euphorbiaceae) make up most of the ground cover
(Hot and Dry) =many kinds of snakes and lizards, scorpions, ants, beetles, and more with many are nocturnal
Tropical Forests = (Hot and Humid)
Savanna = (Hot and Moderate Moisture)
Desert = (Hot and Dry)
(Moderate Temp and Humid) = Winters are cool, while summers are hot and humid. Significant precipitation falls year round as rain and snow
(Mod. Temp and Mod. Moisture) = Winters are cold and dry, while summers are wet and hot
(Moderate Temp and Dry) = climate is highly seasonal
is dominated by shrubs, small trees, grasses, and herbs; many plants are
Broadleaf Forest = (Moderate Temp and Humid)
Temperate Grassland = (Mod. Temp and Mod. Moisture)
Chaparral = (Moderate Temp and Dry)
(Cold and Humid) = It is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth
(Cold and Moderate Moisture) = Winters are long and cold while summers are relatively cool; precipitation varies
(Cold and Dry) = arctic ice
Conifer Forest = (Cold and Humid)
Tundra = (Cold and Moderate Moisture)
Polar Ice = (Cold and Dry)
The largest Biome in the world is the northern _____ ____
Coniferous Forest
The Grass land in the united states use to be the biggest biome there but now its the _____ ____ in the rocky mounts
Coniferous Forest
Many aquatic biomes are stratified into zones or layers defined by
_______
_______
_______
Light Penetration
Temperature
Depth
The upper ______ zone has sufficient light for photosynthesis while the lower _____ zone receives little light
photic zone
aphotic zone
The organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones is called the _____ zone
benthic zone
______, dead organic matter, falls from the productive surface water and is an important source of food
Detritus
In oceans and most lakes, a temperature boundary called the _______ separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water
thermocline
Many lakes undergo a semiannual mixing of their waters called ______.
it mixes oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient-rich water from the bottom
Turnover
__________ lakes are nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich
Oligotrophic lakes
_________ lakes are nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen if ice covered in winter
Eutrophic lakes
Rooted and floating aquatic plants live in the shallow and well-lighted _____ zone
littoral zone
A _______ is a habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
can develop in shallow basins, along flooded river banks, or on the coasts of large lakes and seas
wetland
____ ____ are formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
Corals require a solid substrate for attachment
Coral reefs
Biomes are affected not just by average temperature and precipitation, but also by the pattern of temperature and precipitation through the year
Biomes are affected not just by average temperature and precipitation, but also by the pattern of temperature and precipitation through the year
_____ is the number of individuals per unit area or volume.
_______ is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population.
Density
Dispersion
_______ is the influx of new individuals from other areas
_______ is the movement of individuals out of a population
Immigration
Emigration
3 Patterns of Dispersion
1) In a _________ dispersion, individuals aggregate in patches
2) A _______ dispersion is one in which individuals are evenly distributed
3) In a _______ dispersion, the position of each individual is independent of other individuals
clumped dispersion
uniform dispersion
random dispersion
________ is the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time
(Death rates and birth rates are of particular interest to demographers)
Demography
A ____ ____ is an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population.
It is best made by following the fate of a cohort, a group of individuals of the same age
Life Table
A _________ ___ is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table by showing it as a line graph.
survivorship curve
3 types of Survivorship curves:
Type _: the death rate is constant over the organism’s life span
Type _: low death rates during early and middle life, then an increase among older age groups
Type _: high death rates for the young, then a slower death rate for survivors
Type II
Type I
Type III
Life history traits are products of natural selection
An organism’s life history comprises the traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival:
1) The age at which reproduction begins
2) How often the organism reproduces
3) How many offspring are produced during each reproductive cycle
Life history traits are products of natural selection
An organism’s life history comprises the traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival:
1) The age at which reproduction begins
2) How often the organism reproduces
3) How many offspring are produced during each reproductive cycle
Species that exhibit ________ reproduce once and die
Species that exhibit ________ produce offspring repeatedly
semelparity
iteroparity
Some plants produce a large number of small seeds
2) This is a semelparity strategy (__-___ reproduction)
big-bang
Other types of plants produce a moderate number of large seeds that provide a large store of energy that will help seedlings become established.
1) This is an iteroparity strategy (_______ reproduction)
repeated reproduction
Exponential population growth results in a _-____ ____
The _-____ ____ of exponential growth characterizes some rebounding populations in protected environments.
“Doubling over a specific time period”
“No limitations on growth”
“Unrealistic”
J-shaped curve
Logistic Growth results in a _-____ ____
The logistic model: a population grows slower as it nears its carrying capacity
Exponential growth cannot be sustained for long in any population.
“realistic”
“Limitation cause the population”
S-Shaped Curve
Parts of the Growth Curves First 2 exist on both types of curves 1)\_\_\_\_\_\_= Starting point, slow. 2)\_\_\_\_\_= Rapid growth. 3rd and 4th stage is only for Logistic growth Curves 3)\_\_\_\_\_= slowly hits a cap. 4)\_\_\_\_\_= starts to drop.
Lag phase
Exponentic phase
Stationary Phase
Decline Phase
K-selection, or density-_____ selection, selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density
density-dependent
Remember, K depends on population size and density
“r-selection, or density-_____ selection”, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction.
Remember, r only depends on births and deaths
density-independent
In density-_______ populations, birth rate and death rate do not change with population density.
(These are r selection populations)
density-independent
- In density-_______ populations, birth rates fall and death rates rise with population density.
(These are K selection populations)
density-dependent
Density-dependent birth and death rates are an example of negative feedback that regulates population growth. They are affected by many factors, such as: a) Competition for resources (famine) b) Territoriality c) Disease d) Predation (and pestilence) e) Toxic wastes f) Intrinsic factors
a) Competition for resources (famine)
b) Territoriality
c) Disease
d) Predation (and pestilence)
e) Toxic wastes
f) Intrinsic factors
__________ are groups of populations linked by immigration
Metapopulations
1) Zero population growth = High birth rate – High death rate
Common in _____ areas or Developing countries
2) Zero population growth = Low birth rate – Low death rate
Common in _____ areas or Developed countries
Rural areas
Urban areas
The ________ ______ is the move from the first state toward the second state
Quality of health care
Improved access to education
demographic transition
Age structure is the relative number of individuals at each age. Four patterns:
1) Pyramid = Rapidly growing populations ex. Afghanistan
2) Column = Stable Populations ex. Sweden
3) Column with Bulge = Stable with imbalance ex. U.S.A.
4) Inverted Pyramid = Declining Population ex. Russia
Pyramid
Column
Column with Bulge
Inverted Pyramid
Ecologists call relationships between species in a community _________ _________
interspecific interactions
Examples of Interspecific Interactions: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism)
Competition
Predation
Herbivory
Symbiosis
The total of a species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources is called the species’ ecological niche (what a species does)
Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches
The total of a species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources is called the species’ ecological niche (what a species does)
Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches
Interspecific competition (?/? interaction) hint: The competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place
Interspecific competition (-/- interaction) hint: The competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place
Fundamental niche is the entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself. Realized niche is the set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account.
Fundamental niche is the entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself. Realized niche is the set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account.
Predation (?/? interaction) refers to interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey
Predation (+/- interaction) refers to interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey
Prey display various defensive adaptations
Behavioral defenses include hiding, fleeing, forming herds or schools, self-defense, and alarm calls
Prey display various defensive adaptations
Behavioral defenses include hiding, fleeing, forming herds or schools, self-defense, and alarm calls
Herbivory (?/? interaction) refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga
Herbivory (+/- interaction) refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga
_______is a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another
Symbiosis
In parasitism (?/? interaction), one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process
In parasitism (+/- interaction), one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process
Parasites that live within the body of their host are called ____parasites; parasites that live on the external surface of a host are ____parasites
endoparasites
ectoparasites
________ (+/+ interaction), is an interspecific interaction that benefits both species
mutualism
A mutualism can be
______, where one species cannot survive without the other
______, where both species can survive alone
Obligate
Facultative
In __________ (+/0 interaction), one species benefits and the other is apparently unaffected
commensalism
