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Biology 2 > Chapter 30: Modern Gymnosperms and Angiosperms > Flashcards

Chapter 30: Modern Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Flashcards

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1
Q

A ____ consists of __ ____ and ______ surrounded by a protective coat
1) Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land

A

seed

an embryo

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2
Q

In addition to seeds, the following are common to all seed plants

1) ________ gametophytes
2) ________ (♀ megaspore and ♂ microspore)
3) _____ (♀, within is the Egg)
4) _____(♂, within is the Sperm)

A

Reduced gametophytes
Heterospory
Ovules
Pollen

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3
Q

__________ produce megaspores

a) This gives rise to female gametophytes

A

Megasporangia

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4
Q

_________ produce microspores

a) This gives rise to male gametophytes

A

Microsporangia

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5
Q

Within the ovule the ________ is found

A

megaspore

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6
Q

Gymnosperm megaspores have #_ _______

A

one integument

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7
Q

Angiosperm megaspores usually have #_ _______

A

two integuments

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8
Q

Microspores develop into ______ ____, which contain the male gametophytes

A

pollen grains

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9
Q

If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a _____ ____ that discharges two sperm nuclei into the female gametophyte within the ovule

A

pollen tube

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10
Q

The gymnosperms have:

1) “Naked” seeds not enclosed by ovaries and lacking fruit
2) Consist of four phyla:
a) _________ (cycads)
b) _________ (one living species: Ginkgo biloba)
c) _________ (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia)
d) ________ (conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood)

A

Cycadophyta
Gingkophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta

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11
Q

Fossil evidence reveals that some plants had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants
a) Early plants were called ___________,

A

progymnosperms,

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12
Q

Living seed plants can be divided into two clades:
_______
_______

A

a) Gymnosperms

b) Angiosperms

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13
Q

Today, cone-bearing gymnosperms called _____ dominate in the northern latitudes
b. Gymnosperms are better adapted to colder conditions than _________

A

conifers

Angiosperms

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14
Q

Individuals have large cones and palmlike leaves

b. These thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today

A

Phylum Cycadophyta

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15
Q

a. This phylum consists of a single living species, Ginkgo biloba
b. It has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree

A

Phylum Ginkgophyta

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16
Q

a. This phylum comprises three genera only

b. Species vary in appearance

A

Phylum Gnetophyta

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17
Q

a. This phylum is by far the largest of the gymnosperm phyla

b. Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round

A

Phylum Coniferophyta

18
Q

Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are:

a. Dominance of the ________ ________
b. Development of seeds from ______ _____
c. The transfer of sperm to ovules by _____

A

sporophyte generation
fertilized ovules
pollen

19
Q

It takes nearly three years from cone production to mature seed

1) Year 1: ovules (♀) and pollen (♂) develop within each cone, and pollen fertilizes the female ovule (cone stays on the tree)
2) Year 2: in the summer the cone, with fully developed embryos, falls to ground, but the cone stays tightly closed
3) Year 3: during the summer the cone opens and releases fully matured seeds that can then sprout and produce a seedling

A

It takes nearly three years from cone production to mature seed

1) Year 1: ovules (♀) and pollen (♂) develop within each cone, and pollen fertilizes the female ovule (cone stays on the tree)
2) Year 2: in the summer the cone, with fully developed embryos, falls to ground, but the cone stays tightly closed
3) Year 3: during the summer the cone opens and releases fully matured seeds that can then sprout and produce a seedling

20
Q

Embryogenesis

1) A spherical embryo grows to form a heart-shaped embryo, that then forms a torpedo-shaped embryo
a) The lobes of the heart are the _____ (becomes the shoot) and the ________ (becomes the root)

A

epicotyl

hypocotyl

21
Q

The embryo has three cell layers:

1) ________: outer&raquo_space; epidermis
(2) ________: middle&raquo_space; ground tissue (cortex
(3) ________: inner&raquo_space; vasculature

A

ectodermis
mesodermis
endodermis

22
Q

The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include _____&_____

A

flowers and fruits

23
Q

________: a specialized structure for sexual reproduction; often contains both the microsporangium (pollen) and megasporangium (ovule)

A

Flower

24
Q

_______ : develops from the fertilized central cell within the ovule

A

Fruit

25
Q

Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits that are NOT

A

found in Gymnosperms

26
Q

. All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum, _______
a. The name comes from the Greek anthos, flower

A

Anthophyta

27
Q

The flower is an angiosperm structure specialized for ______ reproduction

b. Many species are pollinated by insects or animals
1) While some species are wind-pollinated

A

sexual

28
Q

. A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves:

1) ______ , which enclose the flower
2) ______ , which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
3) ______ , which produce pollen
4) ______ (or Pistils), which produce ovules

A

Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Carpels

29
Q

______ the terminal portion of the stamen; where the pollen

is produced

A

Anthers

30
Q

hold the anthers a distance from the female stigma

A

Filaments

31
Q

____ a long extension, through which a pollen tube grows

(1) A pollen tube can also be called a germ tube

A

Style

32
Q

_____ on top, sticky, where pollen is received

A

Stigma

33
Q

Fruit tissue is formed from a #_____ fertilization between the ovule central cell (contains 2 haploid nuclei, 2n) and a pollen nucleus (n)

A

second

34
Q

_______ ______ occurs when the pollen tube discharges two pollen nuclei into the female gametophyte within an ovule.

1) One pollen nucleus fertilizes the egg
2) The other pollen nucleus combines with two nuclei in the central

A

Double fertilization

35
Q

_______ develops into the ______ ____ (develops into the rest of the Root)

A

Hypocotyl

Radicle Meristem

36
Q

______ develops into the ______ _____ (develops into the rest of the Shoot)

A

Epicotyl

Apical Meristem

37
Q

One cotyledon: characteristic of _____________ plants (Monocots) (Example: corn)

A

Monocotylendonous

38
Q

Two cotyledon: characteristic of _____________plants (Eudicots) (Example: beans)

A

Dicotylendonous

39
Q

Angiosperms originated at least ___# ______ years ago

A

140million

40
Q 
There are four clades: 
\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (oldest), 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (less developed, share some traits with basal angiosperms), 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (one cotyledon) 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ (“true” dicots, two cotyledons)
A

Basal Angiosperms
Magnoliids
Monocots
Eudicots

41
Q

Products from Seed Plants

a. Most of our food comes from _______
b. Six crops yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans
1) Wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes

A

angiosperms

Biology 2 (9 decks)

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