Quiz Yourself Exam 1 Flashcards
Researchers based at a southwestern college want to examine the impact of room lighting on test performance among their students. They predict that college students who take an exam in a brightly-lit room would perform better than those who take the same exam in a dimly-lit room. At which step of the scientific method are the researchers?
A. Reporting the results
B. Selecting a topic
C. Developing a hypothesis
D. Analyzing the data
C. Developing a hypothesis
During a presentation in their developmental psychology class, a group of college students posed the question to their classmates, “What is another name for the nature versus nurture debate?” What would be the best response from their
classmates?
A. learning versus experience
B. experience versus environment
C. heredity versus environment
D. heredity versus genetics
C. heredity versus environment
Replication is important in scientific research because it:
A. satisfies curiosity.
B. provides additional evidence using a different population.
C. always refutes prior studies.
D. assists in the development of a hypothesis.
B. provides additional evidence using a different population.
Karina and Fabian immigrated for college. When discussing their background with their new classmates, they stated that they did not identify solely as Black. This is MOST likely because:
A. their national identity is much more powerful than any other identity.
B. race should be based on physical characteristics.
C. ethnicity and race are the same.
D. race is a social construct that has been misleadingly based on outward appearance.
D. race is a social construct that has been misleadingly based on outward appearance.
Plasticity highlights the fact that a person’s:
A. basic traits remain the same over time.
B. traits are set in childhood by genes.
C. potential is evident at birth.
D. traits can change over time.
D. traits can change over time.
After reading a baby name book, Marie and Cameron, a couple, noted that certain names were common when they were born. The phenomenon of having common names given to newborns in a specific decade demonstrates a(n)
_ effect.
A. dynamic system
B. macrosystem
C. SES
D. Cohort
D. Cohort
Everett wants his children, Charlie and Mary, to start helping their mother do the laundry. He has researched various methods to encourage the children. According to social learning theory, the father should:
A. explain to his children that their mother needs their help
B. help out with the laundry himself.
C. tell his children they cannot ride their bikes unless they help
D. promise to buy the children a present if they help.
B. help out with the laundry himself.
Evolutionary theory attempts to explain all of these EXCEPT:
A. emerging adults’ sexual passions.
B. adolescent rebellion.
C. brain stimulation that promotes intellectual growth.
D. parents’ investments in children.
C. brain stimulation that promotes intellectual growth.
Which research method would BEST address the question of what causes a given behavior?
A. scientific observation
B. a case study
C. a survey
D. an experiment
D. an experiment
Which of these is TRUE of scientific observation?
A. It must take place in a laboratory setting.
B. It involves observing and recording behavior in a natural setting.
C. It requires a large number of participants.
D. It requires specialized equipment such as video recorders.
B. It involves observing and recording behavior in a natural setting.
In a study of the effects of noise on test performance, test performance would be the:
A. independent variable.
B. experimental variable.
C. dependent variable.
D. unknown variable.
C. dependent variable.
As we age, we tend to sleep fewer hours. This relationship is an example of:
A. a positive correlation.
B. a negative correlation.
C. a qualitative study.
D. a longitudinal study.
B. a negative correlation.
Professor Dolores and Professor Mikhail are a part of a research team at a small private college. They are interviewing female college students about their experiences with and opinions about the “college party culture.” They ask open-ended questions of their participants. What type of research are the professors conducting?
A. quantitative
B. correlational
C. experimental
D. qualitative
D. qualitative
What is the first step of the scientific method?
A. draw conclusions
B. develop a hypothesis
C. pose a question
D. test the hypothesis
pose a question
Which step of the scientific method involves making a specific prediction?
A. drawing conclusions
B. developing a hypothesis
C. posing a question
D. testing the hypothesis
B. developing a hypothesis
Mary and Ryo have been friends since they attended the same high school. They have an age difference of three years.
Mary stated that they are not of the same generation. What classification fits them as a group of people born within a few years of one another?
A. Race
B. Culture
C. Cohort
D. Case study
C. Cohort
During an economics class, the high school students were given a presentation from their local bank about gaining and maintaining financial independence. The bankers informed the students that socioeconomic status is determined by all of these EXCEPT:
A. Year of birth
B. Residence
C. Occupation
D. Income
A. Year of birth
Two opposing theories that dominated psychology in the first half of the twentieth century are
A. psychoanalytic and behaviorism.
B. humanism and cognitive.
C. psychoanalytic and evolutionary.
D. behaviorism and cognitive.
A. psychoanalytic and behaviorism
A group of cancer patients are given an experimental treatment. Which of these is the independent variable?
A. The experiment lacks an independent variable.
B. The experimental treatment
C. The patients’ lifestyles
D. The cancer
B. The experimental treatment
According to the text, what is one of the main problems with using surveys as a research method?
A. Over time, participants may withdraw.
B. The sample size is small.
C. People are influenced by how questions are asked.
D. The method is very time-consuming.
C. People are influenced by how questions are asked.
A statistical tool used to synthesize the results of previous, separate studies is called a(n):
A. meta-analysis.
B. cross-sequential study.
C. experiment.
D. survey.
A. meta-analysis.
The crucial ethical concern that must begin all developmental studies is that:
A. the data must be expressed numerically and, therefore, objectively
B. it must be hard to replicate and make specific to a certain population.
C. it must address collaboration, replication, and transparency of the study.
D. it must involve a very large number of participants.
C. it must address collaboration, replication, and transparency of the study.
As we age, we tend to sleep fewer hours. This relationship is an example of:
A. a positive correlation.
B. a longitudinal study.
C. a qualitative study.
D. a negative correlation.
D. a negative correlation.
For a class project, a group of college seniors were tasked with giving a presentation on ethical research. They presented different scenarios to the class. Which scenario would be considered unethical research behavior?
A. halting the study if potential harm is suspected
B. offering a modest incentive to participate
C. reporting results to participants
D. changing the data to support the hypothesis
D. changing the data to support the hypothesis
Members of an ethnic group almost always share ancestral ____ and often have the same national origin, religion, and language
A. Heritage
B. Values
C. Social construction
D. Ethnicity
A. Heritage
Corrin and Michael visited a fertility specialist clinic after having difficulty getting pregnant. Although they are in their mid-20s, they have unexplained infertility. They were given extensive information on fertility, where they learned from their doctor that when a sperm cell and an ovum fuse, a _____
is formed.
A. reproductive cell
B. gamete
C. zygote
D. phenotype
C. zygote
Baby jasper weight 5 pounds 1 ounce at birth. Jasper would have been considered
A. low birthweight (LBW).
B. extremely low birthweight (ELBW).
C. small for gestational size (SGA).
D. very low birthweight (VLBW).
A. low birthweight (LBW).
Julia and Brande are 24- and 28-year-old expectant parents wanting to learn all they can about fetal growth since this is their first child. Julia is currently 38 weeks pregnant. At an appointment with their OBGYN, Dr. Beischel, they ask about the current brain development of their baby. What could Dr. Beischel tell them?
A. The central nervous system is forming.
B. Brain activity is just beginning.
C. All parts of the brain are formed.
D. The various sections of the brain can, for the first time, be recognized.
C. All parts of the brain are formed.
A person with three copies of chromosome 21 has:
A. fragile X syndrome.
B. Prader-Willi syndrome.
C. Down syndrome.
D. Klinefelter syndrome.
C. Down syndrome.
The expression of a phenotype is affected for chromosomal conditions for all of these EXCEPT when:
A. multiple additive genes combine to cause a problem.
B. the inherited gene is dominant.
C. a zygote receives the same recessive gene from both parents.
D. a zygote receives a recessive gene from one parent.
D. a zygote receives a recessive gene from one parent.
Dr. Marguisitu and Dr. Steven have decided that they wanted to have a holistic OBGYN practice and are going to employ not only physicians but also doulas. What is the purpose of the doula in their new practice?
A. helps with the birth process
B. counsels women who have postpartum depression
C. helps families who are pregnant for the first time
D. helps couples with infertility problems
A. helps with the birth process
Alana and Kai are in their mid-30s and expecting their third child. Alana and Kai have decided to travel from their home with their children. While preparing for a trip, Alana starts to feel contractions. In a panic, Kai worries they will not make it to the hospital in time. About how long can Alana expect active labor to last?
A. 12 hours
B. 5 hours
C. 14 hours
D. 7 hours
D. 7 hours
Unlike the other 22 pairs of chromosomes, the chromosomes at the ____ can be either XX or XY
A. 21st pair
B. 23rd pair
C. 19th pair
D. 17th pair
B. 23rd pair
It is important to recognize that the expression of genes can changed based on a lifetime of experience. Therefore, based on this premise, which of these would account for changes in genetic expression over the course of a lifetime?
A. polygenetic traits
B. multiple alleles
C. environmental variables
D. phenotype factors
C. environmental variables
Because of hormones, parts of the ______ are larger in female fetuses than male fetuses
A. brainstem
B. amygdala
C. spinal column
D. hippocampus
D. hippocampus
The term stillborn refers to fetuses that are miscarried:
A. at any time in the pregnancy.
B. after 38 weeks.
C. after their due date.
D. after 22 weeks.
D. after 22 weeks.
Advances in which area are critical in attaining the age of viability?
A. sensory development
B. kidney functioning
C. neurological functioning
D. weight gain
C. neurological functioning
Which of these is NOT a reason why the study of serious genetic conditions is important?
A. Knowing the origin of serious genetic conditions can help avoid or limit their effects.
B. Such research provides insight into the complexities of nature and nurture.
C. Knowing the likelihood of a fetus developing a serious genetic disorder increases abortion rates.
D. Information about serious genetic conditions can help reduce prejudice.
C. Knowing the likelihood of a fetus developing a serious genetic disorder increases abortion rates.
Approximately _____ of Americans with African ancestry are carriers of sickle-cell disease
A. 10 percent
B. 6 percent
C. 4 percent
D. 8 percent
D. 8 percent
Which of these is an associated social factor for a mother that increases the risk of prenatal and birth complications?
A. stress
B. lithium
C. PCBs
D. ethnicity
A. stress
A ____ is a person who is trained to support the laboring and birthing person
A. midwife
B. doctor
C. doula
D. neonatalist
C. doula
Samuel and Terrance, identical twins, were just born. Shortly after their delivery, their doctor noted that their skin looked blue, their heartbeat was rapid, and they were crying. The infants appeared weak and inactive and had slow respiration.
What Apgar score did they likely have?
A. 10
B. 8
C. 3
D. 6
D. 6
Sperm and ova are also known as:
A. embryos
B. gametes
C. zygotes
D. chromosomes
B. gametes
Which of these statements regarding copy number variations is FALSE?
A. They are linked to mental illness and intellectual developmental disorders.
B. They are more common than variations in single genes.
C. They occur only before and during conception.
D. They correlate with heart disease and many cancers.
C. They occur only before and during conception.
The embryo has all of the basic organs and body parts (except male and female organs) at approximately how many weeks after conception?
A. 1 week
B. 8 weeks
C. 4 weeks
D. 15 weeks
B. 8 weeks
Hannah and Johannes were just given the joyous news they are expecting twins. They learned from their doctor that there are two kinds of twins. Their doctor explained to them that twins that originate from one zygote that splits apart is known
as:
A. Fraternal.
B. Conjoined
C. Dizygotic
D. Monozygotic
D. Monozygotic
____ is much more prevalent in a male fetus than a female fetus
A. Apoptosis
B. Oxytocin
C. Estrogen
D. Testosterone
D. Testosterone
Carriers of the sickle-cell trait are:
A. less likely to be affected by fragile X syndrome.
B. more likely to be affected by fragile X syndrome.
C. less likely to die of malaria.
D. more likely to suffer from malaria.
C. less likely to die of malaria.
Low-birthweight (LBW) is defined as a body weight less than ____ at birth
A. 3 pounds
B. 5½ pounds
C. 10 pounds
D. 7 pounds
B. 5½ pounds
Which term describes feelings of inadequacy and sadness following the birth of a baby?
A. postpartum depression
B. interaction effect
C. parental alliance
D. teratogen effect
A. postpartum depression
The Apgar scale measures the:
A. adequacy of prenatal growth.
B. newborn’s health following birth.
C. duration of labor.
D. intensity of pain during labor.
B. newborn’s health following birth.
Which of these is an abuse phenomenon likely to result in chronic intellectual impairment and at its worst, death?
A. HIV/AIDS
B. brain battering syndrome
C. shaken baby syndrome
D. Turner syndrome
C. shaken baby syndrome
The last part of the brain to mature is the prefrontal cortex which is involved in:
A. feelings and emotion.
B. fine motor control.
C. coordinating movements.
D. planning and impulse control.
D. planning and impulse control.
Later experiments conducted to replicate Piaget’s findings were inconsistent with the conclusions of Piaget by demonstrating that infants:
A. have no understanding of object permanence at 8 months.
B. have complete understanding of object permanence at 3 months.
C. understand object permanence according to their ethnic group.
D. have some understanding of object permanence long before 8 months.
D. have some understanding of object permanence long before 8 months.
Which of these is a theory regarding how children acquire and learn language?
A. Infants have a natural capacity for language learning and are taught language.
B. Infants learn language skills unconsciously.
C. Infants do not have a natural capacity for language learning.
D. Only children who are provided formalized schooling at an early age learn language.
A. Infants have a natural capacity for language learning and are taught language.
Which substance is secreted from a woman’s breasts for the first three days following birth?
A. vitamin D
B. vitamin A
C. colostrum
D. antibodies
C. colostrum
The phenomenon in which each vaccinated child stops the transmission of a given disease is referred to as:
A. stunting.
B. epigenetics.
C. herd immunity.
D. differential susceptibility.
C. herd immunity.
By 3 months, babies have enough muscle control to:
A. sit unsupported.
B. crawl.
C. sit with support.
D. stand.
C. sit with support.
Shaken baby syndrome:
A. does not cause death but can cause impairment.
B. does not result in lasting damage to the brain.
C. causes crying to stop because neural connections break.
D. is a myth and does not actually occur.
C. causes crying to stop because neural connections break.
Piaget’s first two stages of sensorimotor intelligence are called:
A. secondary circular reactions.
B. object permanence.
C. goal-directed behavior.
D. primary circular reactions.
D. primary circular reactions.
Brian and Sabrina watched their sister’s soccer game and witnessed the team kicking around a ball. The next day, they found a soccer ball and kicked the ball themselves while playing. This is called:
A. cause and effect.
B. a reminder session.
C. explicit memory.
D. deferred imitation.
D. deferred imitation.
At what point in pre- or postnatal development do infants begin reflexive communication?
A. at 12 months
B. at birth
C. before birth
D. around 2 to 4 months
B. at birth
Malnutrition after age 1 may cause:
A. kwashiorkor.
B. marasmus.
C. colostrum.
D. pertussis.
A. kwashiorkor.
According to research, bottle-feeding is recommended only:
A. when an infant’s mother has some condition that makes her milk unhealthy.
B. when the baby is at risk of developing asthma, allergies, or autism spectrum disorders.
C. for mothers living in less affluent nations where breast milk may be contaminated.
D. when cow’s milk or goat’s milk is unavailable to the mother.
A. when an infant’s mother has some condition that makes her milk unhealthy.
Which of these is the last gross motor skill to develop?
A. sitting with support
B. walking unassisted
C. sitting without support
D. pulling to a stand
B. walking unassisted
The six outer layers of the brain are referred to as:
A. axons.
B. synapses.
C. dendrites.
D. the cortex.
D. the cortex.
Secondary circular reaction is characterized by infants:
A. creativity.
B. responses to people and objects.
C. first acquired adaptations.
D. responses to their own bodies.
B. responses to people and objects.
Dr. Smith and Dr. Hoffman are working on research about infant cognition. They are following the development of a group of infants and are studying the formation of memories. Their research has found that experiences are more likely to be remembered if:
A. the infant believes that the event is important at the time it occurs.
B. this infant is reminded later of what previously occurred.
C. the infant is unable to move their hands and feet.
D. the infant’s senses are activated during the event.
B. this infant is reminded later of what previously occurred.
The stages of sensorimotor intelligence highlight the way in which infants use their senses and motor skills to learn about the world around them. This suggests that this period of cognitive development necessitates that:
A. infants only learn through their motor experiences.
B. infants be able to anticipate actions at birth.
C. infants not learn via motor skills and sensory experiences.
D. infants are active learners at birth and learn through adaptation.
D. infants are active learners at birth and learn through adaptation.
According to Chomsky’s theory of language development, which factor predicts communication?
A. an innate ability
B. positive reinforcement
C. operant conditioning
D. maturity of the auditory cortex
A. an innate ability
Cries, movements, and facial expressions are examples of:
A. babbling.
B. reflexive communication.
C. child-directed speech.
D. cooing.
B. reflexive communication.
A sudden increase or explosion in an infant’s vocabulary typically begins at the age of:
A. 10 months.
B. 30 months.
C. 18 months.
D. 25 months.
C. 18 months.
_____ was once the most fatal disease for children in history but has since been almost completely eliminated in the Americas.
A. Measles
B. Smallpox
C. Polio
D. Malaria
B. Smallpox
Ricardo and Mona are new research assistants in a developmental psychology laboratory in a university. They were asked by their professor to gather relevant research on emotional development. Through their literature review, they learned that the ability to engage in pretend play and using first-person pronouns such as I, me, mine, and myself are usually indications that the child has developed:
A. mistrust of others.
B. self-acceptance
C. self-recognition
D. self-tolerance
C. self-recognition
Emotions that require social awareness of other people are:
A. surprise, sadness, and boredom.
B. pride, shame, and embarrassment.
C. pride, anger, and fear.
D. sadness, anger, and guilt.
B. pride, shame, and embarrassment.
An infant’s smile in response to seeing a person’s face normally emerges:
A. at about 6 weeks of age.
B. only in secure attachment relationships.
C. after infants learn to distinguish strangers from nonstrangers.
D. only if that person has fed the infant.
A. at about 6 weeks of age.
Which attachment pattern involves an infant who continues playing when their mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns?
A. insecure-disorganized
B. insecure-resistant
C. insecure-avoidant
D. secure
C. insecure-avoidant
Secure attachment (type B) results in a toddler who:
A. is self-centered.
B. clings to the mother.
C. feels comfortable and confident.
D. wants to talk.
C. feels comfortable and confident.
____ and thumb sucking are common activities of the oral stage
A. Friendship development
B. Sleep training
C. Toilet training
D. Breast-feeding
D. Breast-feeding
Freud and Erikson were:
A. psychoanalytic theorists.
B. behaviorists.
C. cognitive theorists.
D. epigenetic theorists.
A. psychoanalytic theorists.
High-quality day care during infancy has which essential characteristic?
A. high teacher to student ratio
B. high levels of toddler
C. independence encouragement of language and sensorimotor development
D. young caregivers
C. independence encouragement of language and sensorimotor development
Retired child psychologists, Drs. Eleanor and Herbert, advised their three adult children that responsive parenting is important. Their eldest child, Henry, has a 2-year-old fussy child. Through research and practical knowledge, they informed their children that the importance of responsive parenting is that:
A. if they are responsive to their infants, it will be worth it later on.
B. it spoils the child and allows unruly behavior.
C. the child conditions the parents.
D. it adjusts the child’s temperament to conform to the cultural rules.
A. if they are responsive to their infants, it will be worth it later on.
Secure attachment is more likely if:
A. the infant’s temperament is “easy.”
B. the child’s temperament is “difficult.”
C. the child’s temperament is “slow-to-warm-up.”
D. the parent mistreats the child.
A. the infant’s temperament is “easy.”
A preschool class was taken on a field trip to a local nature park. Twins, Heidi and Harrison, attended the trip with their parents. The twins, securely attached toddlers, are curious and eager to explore but maintain contact by occasionally looking back at their parents. Their parents keep a watchful eye on the toddlers and maintain contact by responding to:
A. All of these are correct.
B. vocalizations.
C. gestures
D. expressions
A. All of these are correct.
According to Freud, the primary source of gratification during the second year of life is the:
A. mouth.
B. hands.
C. anus.
D. genitals.
C. anus.
Dispositions that become increasingly evident and stable over the months of infancy:
A. are predisposed by environmental situations.
B. are referred to as temperament.
C. are referred to as emotions.
D. originate with child-rearing practices.
B. are referred to as temperament.
A mutually coordinated, rapid, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant is called:
A. timed communication.
B. social attachment.
C. synchrony.
D. social referencing.
C. synchrony.
How does the play of fathers and mothers with their infants differ?
A. Fathers are easily distracted.
B. Mothers are more spontaneous.
C. Mothers’ play is more physical.
D. Fathers’ play is more exciting.
D. Fathers’ play is more exciting.
Freud’s first stage of psychosexual development is:
A. oral.
B. trust versus mistrust.
C. anal.
D. phallic.
A. oral.
Which statement is TRUE?
A. Infants are typically harmed in family day care.
B. Center day care is controversial for older children but not for younger children.
C. In day care, the ratio of adults to infants should be 1 to 12.
D. Studies found better emotional adjustment for children who experience day care before the age 3.
D. Studies found better emotional adjustment for children who experience day care before the age 3.
In 1993, the United States Congress passed a law requiring companies with 50 or more employees to offer unpaid maternity leave for ____ weeks?
A. 6
B. 8
C. 24
D. 12
D. 12
