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PSCI 101D > Lectures Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lectures Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tabula rasa

A

Blank slate, meaning our development doesn’t finish at birth

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2
Q

Why should we care about development?

A

Understanding development predicts likely factors, helps us understand differences in others, and it helps us understand ourselves and others

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3
Q

What likely factors can development help predict?

A

The future (how it will impact us and how to change it), and where we should direct our resources

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4
Q

science of human development

A

Seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time.

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5
Q

Developmental theories

A

Psychoanalytic, behaviorism, cognitive, humanistic, and evolutionary

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6
Q

Psychoanalytic

A

Inner drive and motives

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7
Q

Behaviorism

A

“Anything can be learned”

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8
Q

Cognitive theory

A

Ideas and beliefs

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9
Q

Humanism

A

Universal basic needs

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10
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Survive and reproduce

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11
Q

Variations of the developmental theories

A
  1. Early development versus Lifespan approach
  2. Nature versus Nurture
  3. Continuity versus Discontinuity
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12
Q

Early development

A

Early life experiences/early development key and recognizes later changes but these don’t lead to fundamentally different outcomes

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13
Q

Lifespan development

A

All phases of life taken into account and the “multis”

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14
Q

What are the multis?

A

Multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, plastic, and multidisciplinary

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15
Q

Nature v. Nurture

A

To what extent are developmental changes due to inborn, hereditary, and biological influences versus experiential or environmental influences?

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16
Q

Nature

A

Inborn, genetically based, not modified by the individual, low variation in the population, not affected by the environment, beneficial for survival and reproduction

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17
Q

Nurture

A

Based on experience, modified by the individual by trial
and error, high variation in the population, highly affected by the
environment, capacity to learn may be product of natural selection

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18
Q

How do murderers brains work differently?

A

Diminished fear reaction

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19
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of how the environment influences genetic expression

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20
Q

Differential Susceptibility

A

genes make some people more susceptible to their environments than others (dandelion vs orchid)

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21
Q

Continuity v. Discontinuity

A

How does development progress?

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22
Q

A pine tree would be an example of what kind of development?

A

Developmental continuity

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23
Q

A butterfly is an example of what kind of development?

A

Developmental discontinuity

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24
Q

Implication of stage theories (discontinuity)

A

concurrence assumption, abruptness assumption, coherent organization assumption

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25
Q

concurrence assumption

A

Happens at the same time

26
Q

abruptness assumption

A

Changes are abrupt

27
Q

Coherent organization assumption

A

Facilitates the first two, is an assumption that there is a connection between them

28
Q

Steps of the scientific method

A

Begin with curiosity, Develop a hypothesis, Test the hypothesis, Draw conclusions, Report the results, Replication

29
Q

Should you trust a study that has been conducted only once?

A

No

30
Q

Research methods

A

Data Collection, Study Designs, Assessing “Change”

31
Q

Two types of data collection

A

Self-report and observations

32
Q

Self-report

A

Ask individuals about their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

33
Q

Types of self-report measures

A

Interviews and questionnaires

34
Q

Advantages of self-report measures

A

Often quick & efficient, Can control the information individuals receive, Often inexpensive

35
Q

Disadvantages of self-report measures

A

Not feasible with some individuals, Some types (clinical) are expensive and may be biased, Respondents don’t have to tell you the truth

36
Q

Observations

A

Document behaviors in natural or experimental settings

37
Q

Examples of observations

A

Monitor children’s heart rate during fire alarm and Observe individuals in nursing homes

38
Q

Advantages of observations

A

can observe a wide range of behavior, behaviors clearly defined, can see development naturally, inexpensive

39
Q

Disadvantages of observations

A

cannot infer causality and don’t know why behaviors occur

40
Q

Non-experimental study designs

A

Documenting relations between variables

41
Q

Advantages of non-experimental

A

determine how variables are related, identify factors associated with increased risk, and study situations that cannot be controlled experimentally

42
Q

Disadvantages of non-experimental

A

just because two variables related does not mean they always co-occur, correlations do not prove causation

43
Q

Experimental study design

A

Manipulating one variable to determine its effect on another variable

44
Q

Basic research designs for Studying Development over the Life Span

A

Cross-sectional research, Longitudinal research, Cross-sequential research

45
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

Assesses multiple age groups at the same time

46
Q

Longitudinal research

A

Follows one group over a period of time

47
Q

Cross-sequential research

A

Follows multiple age groups over a period of time

48
Q

genotype

A

Combination of genes an organism has (genetic makeup)

49
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance resulting from genetic make-up

50
Q

Inherited abnormalities

A

gene disorders, chromosomal abnormalities, most recessive

51
Q

Mutations

A

permanent alterations of genes or chromosomes that affect you in some way

52
Q

Inherited Abnormalities examples

A

Familial Alzheimer’s and sickle cell anemia

53
Q

Inherited abnormalities examples

A

Familial Alzheimer’s and sickle cell anemia

54
Q

Mutation abnormalities example

A

Down syndrome

55
Q

Mental health and genetics

A

One gene on Chromosome 6 appears to predispose individuals for schizophrenia

56
Q

Environmental influences start _____ birth

A

Before

57
Q

Things that can be in-utero influences

A

Teratogens (e.g., Drugs, Cigarettes, Foods), Stress, Senses (e.g., sounds, taste)

58
Q

Life in utero is ____

A

Noisy

59
Q

T/F: fetuses only hear what happens outside the womb

A

False, they also hear inside (mother’s heart beat, blood flow,
and digestive system)

60
Q

When does the fetus begin to respond to sound?

A

22-24 wks

61
Q

In terms of hearing, newborns prefer…

A

music heard prenatally to music they’ve never heard, their mother’s voice to that of an unfamiliar female, and stories they were read while still in utero

62
Q

Functions of learning in utero

A

Practicing for life outside womb, Recognition of mother, Establishment of breast feeding, Development of brain and musculo-
skeletal system

PSCI 101D (17 decks)

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