Chapter 4 Flashcards
Psychosocial development during infancy can be seen as two interwoven strands — ____/______, ______/______, or _____-_____/_____-_____
nature/nurture, universal/particular, or experience-expectant/experience-dependent
Primary emotions
called “natural kinds,” which means they are innate and universal
Four primary emotions
happiness, sadness, fear, and anger.
two more primary emotions that some scholars include
surprise and disgust.
colic
bouts of uncontrollable crying
What to they think may be the cause of colic?
immature digestion or the infant version of a migraine headache
What do they think is the cause of reflux?
Immature swallowing
Social smile
A smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth
Separation anxiety
An infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; most obvious between 9 and 14 months.
Stranger wariness
An infant’s expression of concern — a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear — when a stranger appears.
The new strength of emotions is apparent in ______
tantrums
Secondary emotions emerge in toddlerhood, including ____, _____, ____, ____, and _____
pride, shame, jealousy, embarrassment, and guilt
Self-awareness
A person’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.
When do babies typically become self-aware?
Between 15 and 24 months
Temperament
Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measured by the person’s typical responses to the environment.
three distinct traits found when studying temperament:
Effortful control (regulating attention and emotion, self-soothing);
Negative mood (fearful, angry, unhappy); and
Exuberance (active, social, not shy).
Why are happiness, anger, and fear considered primary emotions?
Primary emotions are present at birth and are experienced by everyone lifelong. Happiness, anger, and fear fit those criteria.
How do emotions differ between the first and second year of life?
In the first year, basic emotions are present; in the second year, new emotions (such as pride) develop that show awareness of the social context.
What emotions require some social awareness?
Pride, shame, jealousy, embarrassment, and guilt.
When are separation anxiety and stranger wariness typical, and when are they signs of disorders?
They are typical at age 1. If they continue strongly after age 3, they may be crippling disorders.
What is the significance of toddlers’ reactions to seeing themselves in a mirror?
Toddlers reveal self-awareness if they know that the mirror is their own reflection, not that of another child.
How much of infant temperament is inborn, and how much depends on experience?
Temperament is inborn, but experience shapes, increases, or decreases these inborn traits. Determining “how much” is difficult, as that varies by person and by trait
What are the three dimensions of temperament?
Effortful control, negative mood, and exuberance
What is the relationship between temperament and maltreatment?
Infants who are temperamentally difficult are more likely to be mistreated and become worse because of it. Infants who are temperamentally easy may escape mistreatment, or they may not be affected by it.
Synchrony
A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.
Attachment
According to Ainsworth, “an affectional tie” that an infant forms with a caregiver — a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.
Preattachment
Newborns signal, via crying and body movements, that they need others. When people respond positively, the newborn is comforted and learns to seek more interaction. Newborns are also primed by brain patterns to recognize familiar voices and faces.
Attachment in the making
Infants respond preferentially to familiar people by smiling, laughing, babbling. Their caregivers’ voices, touch, expressions, and gestures are comforting, often overriding the infant’s impulse to cry. Trust (Erikson) develops.
Classic secure attachment
Infants greet the primary caregiver, play happily when the caregiver is present, show separation anxiety when the caregiver leaves. Both infant and caregiver seek to be close to each other (proximity) and frequently look at each other (contact). In many caregiver–infant pairs, physical touch (patting, holding, caressing) is frequent.
Attachment as launching pad
Young children seek their caregiver’s praise and reassurance as their social world expands. Interactive conversations and games (hide-and-seek, object play, reading, pretending) are common. Children expect caregivers to comfort and entertain.
