Quiz questions and answers Flashcards
the genes p53, BRCA1 and BRCA2 are known as
tumor suppressor genes
When a steroid hormone binds to its receptor that forms an activated receptor complex that migrates to the nucleus and acts as a
transcription factor
There are 4 major tissue types. Which of them can form membranes
connective
epithelial
Desmones
cadherin
hemi-desmosomes
integrins
zonula adherens
attach to actin
tight junctions
blood:brain barrier
Gap junction
exchange of ions
zonula occludens
blood:brain barrier
attach epithelial cells to ECM
integrins
IPS cells
pluripotent
cells that secrete mucus are
goblet cells
what cells synthesize melanin
melanocytes
there are 3 modes of secretion that can be used by a cell. The mode in which the entire cell is destroyed or sloughed off is ___ secretion
holocrine
3 basic components of any connective tissue are
gels, cells, and fibers
norepinephrine
amine hormone
oxytocin
peptide hormone
growth hormone
protein hormone
testosterone
steroid hormone
Galactorrhea is a disorder most frequently caused by a tumor of anterior pituitary cells. Galactorrhea affects the _____ causing abnormal secretion of ______. It can usually be diagnosed by taking a blood sample, which would show ______
mammary gland
milk
hyperprolactinemia
In central diabetes insipidus ____ levels are low or lacking, which affects the ______ resulting in ____ and _____.
ADH
kidney
polyuria
polydipsia
In another type of diabetes insipidus, hormone levels are normal but the target organ does not respond, this type is known as
nephrogenic
In Cushing’s Syndrome, there is overproduction of ______ thus it is probably caused by injury or tumor in the _____ resulting in overproduction of ______ affected people often have a _____ face and buffalo hump on their back
cortisol
anterior pituitary
ACTH
moon
overproduction of growth hormone in a subadult animal would often result in ______ but in an adult it would typically result in ______
gigantism
acromegaly
signaling by protein hormones involves binding of the hormone to the external portion of a receptor that spans the plasma membrane. The internal part of the receptor is typically a _____ that becomes activated when a hormone binds to the receptor. It in turn activates a second messenger, the most common of which is _____, which activates protein _____ before quickly inactivated by the enzyme _____
g protein
cAMP
kinases
phosphodiesterase
blood osmolarity is continually monitored by ___ on specialized cells within the hypothalamus
osmoreceptors
Binding of ___ to the ___ cells of the thyroid gland causes the cells to actively transport _____ ions from extra cellular fluid into the cytosol.
tsh
follicular
iodide
Carried out by a specific type of transporter called a _____ because it also transports ____ at the same time. Ions are further transported into the lumen. at the same time, there is stimulation of protein synthesis, specifically of a protein called _____ that is packaged in the Golgi and released within vesicles that fuse with the apical cell membrane and disgorge their contents into the lumen in a process called _____
symporter
sodium
thyroglobulin
exocytosis
Material in the lumen is known as
coloid
Blood calcium levels are regulated by opposing hormones. High blood Ca levels triggers _____ from the _____. conversely low blood Ca triggers ____ from the _____
calcitonin
thyroid
parathyroid
parathyroid gland
major mineralocorticoid hormone is
aldosterone
Aldosterone is a key part of a coordinated response to low blood volume or low blood pressure that involves secretion of the enzyme ___ from the kidney ____; that enzyme catalyzes conversion of the blood protein _____ into the hormone _____, which in turn, is converted in the _____ to ____ by the enzyme _____.
renin
kidney
angiotensinogen
angiotensin I
lungs
angiotensin II
ACE
epinephrine
chromaffin cells
cholecalciferol
skin
glucagon
alpha cells
erythropoietin
kidneys
androgens
adrenal cortex
leptin
adipose tissue
melatonin
pineal gland
cholecystokinin
small intestine
insulin
beta cells
human chorionic gonadotropin
placenta
which hormone dominated during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle
progesterone
the pancreas is comprised of an ____ portion, that secretes digestive enzymes and an ____ portion that secretes hormones.
exocrine
endocrine
Among the hormones are ____, which is secreted by beta cells and causes target cells to take up glucose from the blood, and ______, which is secreted by alpha cells and causes target cells to release stored glucose
insulin
glucagon
_____ is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate release of _____
Renin
aldosterone
what cell type makes parathyroid hormone
chief cells
the first organ is ___, where the precursor is converted to pro-vitamin D3. The next organ is ____, where specific enzyme adds another hydroxyl group. the third organ is the ____, where another hydroxyl group is added forming calcitriol, which binds to ____ on target cells to have its effect
skin
liver
kidney
vitamin D receptor
The lining or wall of the alimentary canal is composed of four basic tissue layers. From innermost to outermost, they are the ____, ____, _____ and ______
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
three segments of the small intestine, from proximal to distal are the ____, the _____, and the _____.
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
The digestive system includes a number of accessory organs, in addition to the GI tract. what is the accessory organ that functions to store, concentrate and release bile?
gallbladder
The process of deglutition involves three phases
____
____
____
voluntary\
pharyngeal
esophageal
what does insulin do
stimulates protein synthesis
stimulates glycogenesis
stimulates lipogenesis
inhibits gluconeogenesis
lamina propria
mucosa
adipose cells
submucosa
myenteric plexus
muscularis externa
surface epithelium
serosa
submucosal plexus
submucosa
outer longitudinal smooth muscle
muscularis externa
musclaris mucosa
muscosa
inner longitudinal smooth muscle
muscularis externa
6 fundamental activites of the GiT
ingestion
propulsion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
absorption
defecation
Secreted from the stomach, stimulates acid secretion
gastrin
secreted from duodenum, stimulates secretion of bicarb
secretin
stimulates secretion of bile
CCK
slows gastric motility
somatostatin
