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Physiology of Domestic Animals II > Factors Affecting Growth Lecture > Flashcards

Factors Affecting Growth Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Animals grow according to interactions between

A

genes they inherit and the environmental factors they are exposed to

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2
Q

Genotypic factors affecting growth

A

species
breed
sex

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3
Q

environmental factors affecting growth

A

stress
nutrition
disease
activity

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4
Q

Heredity

A

process of passing along genes from one generation to the next

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5
Q

Genetic differences come about through

A

evolution which results from selection of mutations that arise in genes

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6
Q

Genotype refers to

A

unique set of genes that an animal possesses in its genome

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7
Q

Heritability values

A

reflect the ability of the animal to pass a particular trait to the next generation

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8
Q

H>0.5

A

highly heritable trait

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9
Q

0.2<H<0.5

A

moderately heritable trait

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10
Q

H<0.2

A

low heritable trait

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11
Q

Traits associated with carcass composition are

A

moderately heritable

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12
Q

Species

A

refers to organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

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13
Q

Growth between species varies in

A

deposition of different tissues
relative proportion of each body part

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14
Q

Relative distribution of muscle main points

A

wild species have greater % of muscle located in upper portion of hind legs- enhances speed and agility
Domesticated ruminants- greater proportion in abdominal muscles for extensive rumen

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15
Q

Species muscle distribution of pigs

A

increased muscles around spinal column-used for rooting action

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16
Q

Ruminants have increased muscle in

A

front legs to bear weight associated with grazing for long periods of time
abdominal muscle for rumen

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17
Q

Breeds

A

within a species, breeders have placed selection pressure on different traits that have led to many different breeds

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18
Q

To determine frame size a _____ is given for a particular age range

A

frame score

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19
Q

Large framed cattle reach heavier weights at a given __________ maturity

A

compositional or physiological

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20
Q

Large framed cattle take longer to

A

reach mature weight
later maturing animals

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21
Q

Small framed animals grow

A

quickly
early maturing

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22
Q

At the same chronological age large-framed animals are physiologically ____ than small-framed animals

A

younger

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23
Q

If comparisons are made at the same chronological age or same weight, later maturing animals are _____, while earlier maturing animals are ______ and more physiologically mature

A

leaner
fatter

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24
Q

If cattle are compared at the same physiological or compositional endpoint they are considered

A

compositionally equivalent

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25
Q

Selection for muscle is _____ related to milk production

A

inversely

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26
Q

Animals used for milk are less

A

muscular

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27
Q

Selection has not changes muscle

A

distribution

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28
Q

Selection for muscle is ______ related to wool production

A

inversely

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29
Q

meat breeds of sheep have superior conformation as measured by ____

A

muscle:bone ratios
amount of meat per unit of bone

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30
Q

Wool breeds are _____ framed

A

larger

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31
Q

Selection for muscle is _______ related to ability to conceive and produce milk for young

A

inversely

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32
Q

Intact males are capable of higher ____ than castrates and females

A

body weights

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33
Q

Intact males attain compositional maturity at ____ chronological ages than castrates and females

A

later

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34
Q

Intact females mature ______ of sex classes, whereas castrates are _____

A

earliest
intermediate

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35
Q

exception to females being early and castrates being intermediate

A

Pigs
gilts mature later and reach heavier weights than barrows

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36
Q

Intact males have ____ proportion of muscle located in forequarter, specifically in neck and thorax

A

greater

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37
Q

increased _____ binding receptors are why intact males have greater proportion of muscle located in forequarter

A

androgen

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38
Q

females have increased proportion of muscle in

A

pelvic limb and abdominal wall

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39
Q

Males have large muscle fiber _____ than females and castrates

A

diameters

40
Q

Estrogen stimulates ________

A

epiphyseal plate closure
so males tend to be taller- long bones grow more before closure

41
Q

Both estrogens and androgens in crease

A

periosteal bone growth (bone thickening) but androgen more-males have thicker bones than females

42
Q

Why do females fatten sooner

A

decreased long bone growth due to increased estrogen
muscle growth starts to decrease and more nutrients available for fat

43
Q

Growth and development depends on the levels of essential nutrients in the diet including

A

Fatty acids
amino acids
carbs
vitamins
minerals

44
Q

Consuming nutrients in excess of maintenance requirements allows for

A

growth
production
reproduction

45
Q

balance of nutrients consumed determines the

A

composition of growth

46
Q

Nutrient requirements

A

maintenance requirements
growth requirements
production requirements

47
Q

Nutrient partitioning

A

utilization of nutrients is partitioned among various tissues and organs according to their physiological importance

48
Q

Highest priority to lowest priority for nutrient partitioning

A

Organ systems- nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, repro

Tissues-skeleton, muscle, adipose

Adipose deposition- mesenteric, perirenal, subcutaneous or intermuscular, intramuscular

49
Q

Conditions of altered nutrient partitioning

A

pregnancy
transition from non-lactating to lactating

50
Q

Types of energy balance

A

positive- nutrients are plentiful
negative- intake not sufficient to meet needs

51
Q

compensatory growth

A

animal’s growth after a period of nutritional stress
rate of growth is often greater than exhibited by a genetically identical animal during normal growth

52
Q

how are abnormally high growth rates achieved so that nutritionally compromised animals can catch up

A

low basal metabolism during nutrient restriction due to decreased visceral weight
increased feed intake during realimentation contributes to increased growth

53
Q

Nutrient restriction can be severe enough to

A

delay catch-up period

54
Q

Very severe starvation can _______ growth

A

permanently stunt
enhances onset of fattening

55
Q

Nutrient restriction ____ in growth can result in _____ effects, which are greatest on ________ and less on _______

A

early
long-lasting
early maturing (bone)
late maturing (fat)

56
Q

___ and ____ must be considered together when discussing dietary protein

A

quantity
quality

57
Q

dietary protein is more important in what type of animals

A

monogastric

58
Q

Diets with sufficient energy but insufficient protein for tissue deposition results in

A

increased fat deposition

59
Q

Muscle protein accretion rates vary between

A

breeds, sexes and with physical activity and growth enhancers

60
Q

Animals with increased muscle protein accretion rates that require more protein include

A

genetically selected animals
working animals
males
hormone

61
Q

energy is required for

A

maintenance and for growth of new tissue

62
Q

Energy required for maintenance _____ with size

A

increases

63
Q

Optimal energy levels for food animals can be determined by

A

increasing dietary energy intake to a point where lean muscle gain is maximized

64
Q

when energy is partitioned to fat it

A

reduced feed conversion

65
Q

Energy requirements for growth depends on

A

genetics
sex class of animal
location on growth curve
hormone treatments for growth enhancement

66
Q

Animals contain _____ microbial cells than animal cells

A

> 10x

67
Q

What improves growth rate and feed efficiency when concerning microorganisms

A

better sanitation

68
Q

Why does exposure to microbes result in reduced performance

A

nutrient and energy cost of immune response required to protect against microbes takes resources away from growth

69
Q

Breeding for growth and performance has ______ against immunity

A

inversely selected

70
Q

strategies to limit the effect of microorganisms on growth and performance

A

high level biosecurity for farms
feeding diets that contain sufficient nutrients to maintain a healthy immune system
vaccinations
antibiotic treatments to reduce bacterial load

71
Q

Old way to use antibiotics

A

added at very low concentrations to animal diets as growth promoters

72
Q

what has negated the effects of antibiotics for pig performance

A

modern hygiene and management practices

73
Q

Physical and social stresses significantly affect the

A

hypothalmo-pituitary-adrenal axis

74
Q

chronically stressed animals suffer from elevated circulating concentrations of

A

glucocorticoids that inhibit growth

75
Q

transportation stress includes

A

temperature and wind
novel social group
absence of feed and water
motions

76
Q

Housing stress is associated with

A

introducing new animals into a new social order so that a new social hierarchy needs to be established

77
Q

Type of housing that reduces stress on animals

A

specific-stress-free housing

78
Q

rearing animals in groups from weaning to slaughter results in

A

reduced injuries and improved growth

79
Q

Physical activity is

A

any body movement that works your muscles and requires more energy than resting

80
Q

It requires what to move muscles and supply oxygen

A

energy

81
Q

Available energy reserves

A

body fat
muscle fat
muscle carbs
liver carbs

82
Q

Energy supply for short term exercise (8-10 seconds)

A

phosphagen system

83
Q

Source for phosphagen system

A

ATP in muscle

84
Q

Energy supply for medium exercise (1.3-1.6 minutes)

A

Glycogen-lactic acid system

85
Q

Source for glycogen-lactic acid sysstem

A

muscle and liver glycogen converted to glucose and then lactic acid for anaerobic respiration

86
Q

Energy supply for long term exercise

A

aerobic respiration

87
Q

source for aerobic respiration

A

complete oxidation of glucose and fatty acids from muscle, liver and adipose

88
Q

How does physical activity impact muscle protein synthessis

A

resistance exercise increases protein synthesis
endurance exercise may decrease synthesis if insufficient dietary energy and protein is available

89
Q

How does exercise impact bone

A

increases bone mass, density and size

90
Q

Exercise before maturity does what to bone mass

A

increases peak

91
Q

Exercise induces release of what

A

GH and IGF-1

92
Q

GH is secreted in a

A

pulsatile fashion after exercise

93
Q

Amount of GH release depends on

A

exercise intensity

94
Q

GH release with exercise is greatest in ______ and can significantly impact _______

A

adolescence
body size and composition

95
Q

After middle age exercise induces

A

much less GH

Physiology of Domestic Animals II (10 decks)

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