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Physiology of Domestic Animals II > Antibodies and Antigens Lecture > Flashcards

Antibodies and Antigens Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Immunogenicity

A

the ability of a given molecule to induce an immune response

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2
Q

General characteristics that contribute to immunogenicity are

A

phylogenetic foreignness
chemical nature
size
complexity
route of uptake
host

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3
Q

Antigen

A

a molecule that binds specifically with an antibody of T cell receptor

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4
Q

Epitope

A

the actual part of an antigen that binds to an AB or T cell receptor binding site

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5
Q

Most antigens have multiple ______. These are called _______

A

epitopes
multivalent antigens

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6
Q

epitopes can be

A

repeated within Ag molecule or not
overlapping
formed by linear arrays of AAs
conformational (AAs not in sequence)
Neo-epitopes (exist/exposure after AG changes such as phosphorylation, protealysis)

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7
Q

Adjuvant

A

a compound that is given with an antigen when immunizing a host, to augment the immune response achieved

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8
Q

Abs are a family of millions of

A

structurally related glycoproteins

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9
Q

each unique Ab has a specific binding sites for pieces of

A

antigen (called an epitope)

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10
Q

Abs are produced by

A

B lymphocytes/Plasma cells

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11
Q

Abs are produced in two broad forms-

A
  1. bound to B cell membranes
  2. secreted soluble form
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12
Q

Abs bound to B cell membranes act as

A

B cell receptors for antigens

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13
Q

Abs secreted in soluble form are

A

free floating and able to bind Ag in plasma, mucosal secretions, interstitial fluids

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14
Q

When Abs bind to Ags they can

A

Remove the Ag
neutralize the Ag
kill organism expressing the Ag
Trigger ‘hypersensitivity’ reactions

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15
Q

Abs bind to Ags and remove the Ag by

A

precipitating it out or inducing phagocytosis

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16
Q

Abs bind to Ags and neutralize the Ag by

A

preventing a microbial enzyme from working or a virus from binding

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17
Q

Abs bind to Ags and kill organism expressing the Ag by

A

poking holes in them

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18
Q

Abs bind to Ags and trigger hypersensitivity reactions by

A

histamine release, immune complex activation of complement proteins

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19
Q

Antibody structure- two symmetrical branches made up of 2 identical ______ and 2 identical _____

A

light chains
heavy chains

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20
Q

One L chain is ______ to one H chain by ________ and other two H chains are attached to each other by _______

A

covalently attached
S-S bonds
S-S bonds

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21
Q

Both L and H chains are made up of

A

repeating homologous units

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22
Q

each Ab has identical combining sites to which the

A

NH2-terminal ends of both L and H chains contribute

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23
Q

Variable regions

A

regions that recognize epitopes and make the ab combining site
are specificity

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24
Q

The N-terminal lg domain of each L and H chain contains _ hypervariable regions called _____

A

3
complementarity determining regions (CDRs)

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25
Q

CDRs are ____ to the epitope

A

complimentary

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26
Q

Due to the way L and H chains fold, CDRs end up in the _______

A

hypervaraible loops, which come together

27
Q

The hypervariable loops formed by the CDRs actually

A

extend from the surface of the Ab molecule to form the Ab combining site

28
Q

the furthest and most variable CDR

A

CDR3- most highly involved in the actual binding

29
Q

AAs outside of the CDRs can

A

contribute to the binding site but most of the time do not

30
Q

The C-terminal end of the H and L chains are comprised of

A

Ig domains
but have very little variability

31
Q

Constant regions are opposed to

A

variable regions
do NOT interact with the antigen/epitope

32
Q

C regions of the H chains actually mediate

A

most of the biological functions of the antibody and the isotype of the Ig

33
Q

H chain C regions are numbered

A

CH2, CH2, numbering from the NH2 terminus

34
Q

Hinge region

A

between CH1 and CH2- allows flex and is of different lengths in different isotypes

35
Q

Any given Ab has how many of each L chain C regions

A

2 K or 2 ^
never one of each

36
Q

Abs can be expressed in

A

secreted or membrane forms

37
Q

The membrane form of Abs is ONLY found on

A

the B cells that make that given Ab

38
Q

Membrane forms of Abs differ in

A

AA sequence at the COOH terminus of the H chain C region

39
Q

Secreted forms of IgG and IgE are

A

monomeric

40
Q

The membrane forms of all isotypes is

A

monomeric

41
Q

The secreted forms of IgA and IgM are

A

covalently bound multimers, joined through the tail pieces at the carboxyl ends of M and A H chains

42
Q

IgM and IgA also have a _____ which is S-S bonded to the tail pieces for stabilization

A

J piece

43
Q

Abs are

A

at least bi-valent
flexible

44
Q

Ab membrane form is the

A

B cell receptor

45
Q

Ab secreted form acts

A

throughout the body

46
Q

Ab B regions combine with Ag in a

A

highly specific manner

47
Q

Ab C regions of their H chains interact with

A

multiple cell types and soluble inflammatory molecules, which mediate effector function

48
Q

Synthesis of immunoglobulins

A

synthesized on membrane bound ribosomes and glycosylated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

49
Q

Once assembled, immunoglobulins

A

move to golgi complex to undergo modifications of their carb molecules

50
Q

Immunoglobulins are transported to plasma membrane in

A

vesicles and either and either anchored or secreted

51
Q

Monoclonal

A

each B cell makes Abs of one specificity. These are all clones of each other

52
Q

Polyclonal

A

Serum contains LOTS of Abs of millions of specificities because an animal contains millions of different B cells.

53
Q

Affinity maturation

A

process that yields Abs that bind tightly to their Ag

54
Q

Affinity maturation involves

A

subtle changes through somatic mutations in Ag-stimulated B cells that produce new V regions structures

55
Q

B cells with higher affinity receptors are

A

selected by Ag becoming the most dominant

56
Q

Abs can distinguish between

A

linear proteins determinants that differ by a single conserved AA in their sequence

57
Q

Even is specificity is very high

A

eptitope might be part of multiple Ags

58
Q

Cross reactions occur when

A

an Ab combines with multiple epitopes
when specificity is low

59
Q

Affinity of an Ab is

A

the pure measure of the on/off rate between Ag and Ab combining site

60
Q

Avidity is the term for

A

true, overall strength of attachment of an Ab to its Ag

61
Q

Affinity + valency=

A

avidity

62
Q

Types of common assays that use Abs

A

enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assays
radioimmunoassays
hemagglutination assays
flow cytometry
immunohisochemistry
western blot assays
dipstic assays

63
Q
A

Physiology of Domestic Animals II (10 decks)

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