Exam 2 Previous Year Flashcards
which of the following is TRUE of calcitonin
A. is a polypeptide hormone
B. stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidneys
C. Increases blood calcium levels
D. None of these
A. Is a polypeptide hormone
Which of the following is correct for hormones of the adrenal gland?
A. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that regulates blood glucose levels
B. Glucocorticoids are amine hormones that regulate blood glucose levels
C. Epinephrine is a peptide hormone that regulates the fight or flight reaction
D. Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex regulate blood sodium and blood glucose
D. Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex regulate blood sodium and blood glucose
Which of the following is NOT correct of hypothyroidism?
A. typically Hashimoto’s disease in humans
B. Feeling cold is a symptom
C. Weight loss is a symptom
D. Typically an autoimmune disease
C. Weight loss is a symptom
Which of the following is produced in neurosecretory cells and stored in the posterior pituitary?
A. ADH
B. Oxytocin
C. Somatostatin
D. Melatonin
E. More than one of these
E. more than one of these
Which of the following is NOT a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex?
A. Aldosterone
B. Cortisol
C. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
D. Norepinephrine
D. Norepinephrine
Which of the following is correct?
A. ACTH feeding back on CRH is a short loop
B. Aldosterone feeding back on CRH is a short loop
C.T3 feeding back on TRH is a short loop
D. FSH feeding back on GnRH is a long loop
A. ACTH feeding back on CRH is a short loop
Which of the following is not correct?
A. Pancreatic alpha cells produce insulin
B. Pancreatic beta cells produce insulin
C. Pancreatic alpha cells help regulate blood glucose levels
D. Pancreatic islet cells monitor blood glucose levels
A. Pancreatic alpha cells produce insulin
In and H&E stained histological specimen:
A. Acidophils stain purple
B. Basophils stain purple
C. Chromophobes stain pink
D. Nuclei stain dark pink
B. Basophils stain purple
Concerning the pineal gland
A. It produces melanin
B. Light stimulates it to produce its hormone product
C. Darkness inhibits its production of its hormone product
D. The SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) regulates production of its hormone product
D. The SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) regulates production of its hormone product
Which of the following is NOT true of the estrus cycle?
A The dominant circulating hormone during luteal phase is a steroid
B. The dominant circulating hormone during the follicular phase is a steroid
C. Ovulation is triggered by a surge of a steroid hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary
D. Human chorionic gonadotropin is the hormone secreted by the placenta
C. ovulation is triggered by a surge of a steroid hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary
Which of these is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that is involved in regulation of blood sodium levels?
A. ADH
B Calcitriol
C Erythropoietin
D. Renin
D. Renin
Which of the following is NOT correct?
A. Adipose tissue secretes adiponectin, which reduces insulin resistance
B. Liver secretes IGF-1 which stimulates body growth
C. Thymus secretes thrombopoietin which regulates development of T-lymphocytes
D. skin secretes cholecalciferol, which is a precursor of active vitamin D
C. Thymus secretes thrombopoietin which regulates development of T-lymphocytes
Which of the following would be found within the follicles of the thyroid gland
A. follicular fluid
B. Collagen
C. Thyrotropin
D. Colloid
D. Colloid
Which of the following is NOT one of the actions stimulated by OXYTOCIN?
A. Milk let down
B. Trust
C. Vasoconstriction
D. Uterine contractions
C. Vasoconstriction
Which of the following is NOT true of thyroid hormone?
A. most in circulation is free; the rest circulates bound to TBG (thyroid-binding globulins)
B. Thyroid hormones bound to plasma proteins represent a circulating pool
C. Thyroid hormones bound to plasma proteins cannot enter cells and bind to receptors
D. T3 is more potent than T4
A. most in circulation is free; the rest circulates bound to TBG
Which of the following is true of the GAS (general adaptation syndrome)?
A. First stage is alarm reaction that involves immune suppression
B. second stage is fight/flight reaction that cause shivering to respond to cold
C. Third stage is exhaustion that involves a cortisol response
D. Third stage is stage of resistance that involves insulin response
C. Third stage is exhaustion that involves a cortisol response
Which of the following is correct of endocrine disorders?
A Cushing’s syndrome-hypersecretion of cortisol
B. Addison’s disease- hypersecretion of cortisol
C. Galactorrhea- hypersecretion of prolactin
C. Galactorrhea- hyper secretion of prolactin
Which of the following is correct of storage forms of glucose
A. starch- straight chain
B. Cellulose- straight chain
C. Glycogen- straight chain
D. Amylopectin- straight chain
B. cellulose- straight chain
Which of the following does INSULIN INHIBIT?
A. Glycogenesis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycolysis
D. Lipogenesis
B. Gluconeogenesis
Most receptors for water-soluble hormones are
A. intracellular
B. GPCRs (G protein-coupled receptors)
C. 7TM receptors (7 transmembrane receptors)
D. DNA binding, when activated by binding ligand
E. More than one of these
E. more than one of these
In which of the following layers of the alimentary tract would the muscularis mucosae be found?
A. Mucosa
B. Submucosa
C. muscularis externa
D. Serosa
A. Mucosa
Which of the following organs ins the “workhorse” of the digestive system in that it is the major site of digestion?
A. Stomach
B. Small intestine
C. Large intestine
D. Omentum
B. Small intestine
Which of the following parts of the tooth is the hardest material in the body?
A. Dentin
B. Enamel
C. Gingiva
D. Pulp
E. Root
B. Enamel
Relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter:
A. allows the bolus to move from the laryngopharynx to the esophagus
B. propels the bolus through the esophagus
C. Allows the bolus to move from the esophagus to the stomach
D. allows chyme to reflux, causing heartburn
A. allows the bolus to move from the laryngopharynx to the esophagus
The walls of the large intestines:
A. feature villi
B. Feature gastric pits
C. Feature lots of goblet cells
D. feature lots of enteroendocrine cells
C. Feature lots of goblet cells
Which of the following is NOT true concerning the three phases of gastric secretion:
A. the cephalic phase involves sight/smell/thought of food
B. stimulatory signals arising from the cephalic phase are transmitted via the vagus nerve
C. in the gastric phase secretory activity of the stomach may be inhibited by excessive acidity or emotional distress
D. in the intestinal phase distention of the duodenum may trigger the enterogastric reflux, which stimulates gastric secretion
D. in the intestinal phase distention of the duodenum may trigger the enterogastric reflux, which stimulates gastric secretion
Which of these processes occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal?
A. ingestion
B. propulsion
C. segmentation
D. absorption
B. propulsion
Most lipids absorbed from the alimentary tract:
A. are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal system
B. enter the lacteals, which lie within the submucosa
C. enter capillaries within the villi
D. leave the enterocytes as chylomicrons
D. leave the enterocytes as chylomicrons
Which of the following lies closest to the tongue?
A. parotid glands
B. Sublingual glands
C. Submandibular glands
B sublingual glands
Which of the following is true of cells lining the gastric glands or pits?
A. parietal cells secrete gastrin
B. parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor
C. chief cells secrete mucus
D. Chief cells secrete HCL
B. parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor
In the liver, the grooves in cell membranes between adjacent hepatocytes are the
A. Hepatic sinusoids
B. porta hepatis
C. Bile canaliculi
D. hepatic triad
C. Bile canaliculi
A resident macrophage-like cell within a hepatic lobe is a
A. Kupffer cell
B. stellate cell
C. hepatocyte
D. epiploic cell
A. Kupffer cell
What is the role of the small intestine’s MALT?
A. secreting mucus
B. buffering acidic chyme
C. activating pepsin
D. preventing bacteria from entering the bloodstream
D. preventing bacteria from entering the bloodstream
Which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein?
A. pancreatic amylase
B. trypsin
C. sucrase
D. pancreatic nuclease
B. trypsin
There are three lipases that contribute to digestion of dietary lipids but by far the most important is:
A. gastric lipase
B. lingual lipase
C. lipoprotein lipase
D. pancreatic lipase
D. pancreatic lipase
Which of the following statements is TRUE of the digestive system?
A. carbohydrates are absorbed only as monosaccharides
B. disaccharides can be absorbed
C. dipeptides cannot be absorbed
D. intact triglycerides can be absorbed
A. carbohydrates are absorbed only as monosaccharides
Which of the following is NOT true of Cholera (disease caused by ingestion of Vibrio cholera)?
A. cholera toxin subunits are internalized into endosomes
B. the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in cleavage of the choleratoxin A subunit, which interacts with G proteins
C. the toxin activates the cAMP pathway, which then activates protein kinases
D. Ultimately, the toxin causes severe diarrhea by stimulating active transport of water into the gut lumen
D. Ultimately, the toxin causes severe diarrhea by stimulating active transport of water into the gut lumen
Which of the following digestive organs does NOT contribute to buffering of chyme?
A. colon
B. liver
C. pancreas
D. salivary glands
B. liver
During which phase of deglutition does deglutition apnea take place?
Pharyngeal phase
Which of the following gastric cells secrete pepsinogen?
A. parietal cells
B. chief cells
C. mucous neck cells
D. enteroendocrine cells
B chief cells
Which of the following is NOT a nutrient made available for absorption by digestion of ingested nucleic acids?
A. Ribose
B. phosphate ions
C. glucose
D. purines
C. glucose
Which of the following is found at the entrance to the mouth?
A. labia
B. fauces
C. Gingivae
D. lingual frenulum
A. labia
Which of the following regions of the stomach stores gas?
A. body
B. cardia
C. Fundus
D. Rugae
C. Fundus
Which of the following is NOT a target of Gastrin?
A. Ileocecal valve
B. Stomach
C. Pancreas
D. Large intestine
C. pancreas
In which of the three phases of Gastric Secretion can release of CCK cause inhibition of stomach secretory activity?
A. cephalic phase
B. gastric phase
C. Intestinal phase
C. Intestinal phase
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Mucosal Barrier?
A. Bicarbonate
B. tight junctions
C. Dendritic cells
D. stem cells
C. Dendritic cells
Which of the following bacteria is frequently involved in gastric ulcers?
A. Escherichia coli
B. Helicobacter pylori
C. salmonella typhi
D. vibrio cholera
B. Helicobacter pylori
The sphincter of Oddi is found:
A. at the tip of the major duodenal papilla
B.at the junction of the jejunum and the ileum
C. at the junction of the stomach and the duodenum
D. at the external portion of the anal canal
A. at the tip of the major duodenal papilla
Of the three features of the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine that increase the surface area available for absorption, which is also known as the brush border
microvilli
Which of the following is correct?
A. I cells secrete CCK
B. Paneth cells secrete insulin
C. S cells secrete lysosomes
D. G cells secrete GIP
A. I cells secrete CCK
Which of the following is true of the enteric nervous system?
A. solar plexus links to extrinsic nervous system via interneurons
B. the nerve plexus that lies within the muscularis regulates digestive secretions
C. the myenteric plexus lies in the submucosa
D. the submucosal plexus senses presence of food or chyme in the lumen
D. the submucosal plexus senses presence of food or chyme in the lumen
Another name for vitamin B is
Cobalamin
It is typically bound to dietary protein when ingested. In the stomach, acid pH and pepsin release it from dietary protein. At that point, it binds to ________, which is secreted by gastric glands
Haptocorrin
Also in the stomach, gastric parietal cells secrete ______.
Intrinsic factor
At that point, the vitamin B12 is bound by intrinsic factor and that new complex continues down the digestive tract until it reaches the _______ where the enterocytes have receptors for intrinsic factor, which allow for internalization (absorption of cobalamin and intrinsic factor)
Ileum
After further processing within those enterocytes, cobalamin forms a new complex with ______. which serves as a transporter for vitamin B12 in bood
Transcobalamin-II
BONUS- where might I find deciduous teeth?
In kids
Which of the following is not correct?
A. phospholipase A, C and D act as second messengers after activation by G proteins
B. Phospholipase A is a protein kinase that activates enzymes by phosphorylating them
C. phospholipase C acts on membrane phospholipids to generate diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate
D. phospholipase D uses phosphatidylcholine as a substrate
B. phospholipase A is a protein kinase that activates enzymes by phosphorylating them
Choline:
A. is a component of cell membranes
B. is involved in neurotransmission
C. is a component of bile
D. All of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following describes lecithin?
A. phospholipid
B. electrolyte
C. salt
D. pigment
A. phospholipid
Hormonal signaling via second messenger systems often involves conversion of ATP into cAMP, which is deactivated by
A. phosphatases
B. phosphodiesterase
C. phospholipase
D. nucleosidases
B. Phosphodiesterase
