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Physiology of Domestic Animals II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy is

A

the study of body structures

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2
Q

Gross anatomy

A

large structures

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3
Q

macroanatomy

A

visible to the naked eye

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4
Q

microanatomy

A

requires microscope to observe

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5
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

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6
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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7
Q

Regional anatomy

A

within a region, like thorax

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8
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

all structures making up a body system- like skeleton

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining steady state

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10
Q

Structural organization of the body

A

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

changes food into energy

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12
Q

anabolism

A

builds

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13
Q

catabolism

A

breaks down

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14
Q

Differentiation

A

cells become specialized/functional

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15
Q

Growth

A

increase in size

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16
Q

hyperplasia

A

proliferation, increase cell number

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17
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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18
Q

deposition

A

of extracellular material, minerals in bone, connective tissue

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19
Q

Requirements for life

A

Oxygen
Water
Energy
Micronutrients
Narrow range of temperature
narrow range of atmospheric pressure

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20
Q

Negative feed back loop

A

reverses change
stimulus- sensor- control- effector

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21
Q

Positive feed back loop

A

snowball effect
example- birth

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22
Q

Homeohesis

A

the orchestrated or coordinated control in metabolism of body tissues necessary to support a physiological state

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23
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides left vs right sides

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24
Q

Frontal plane

A

divides the anterior (front) from posterior (rear)

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25
Q

Transverse plane

A

divides upper vs lower

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26
Q

pleural cavity

A

surrounds the lungs

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27
Q

pericardium

A

surrounds the heart

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28
Q

peritoneum

A

surrounds organs in the abdominal cavity

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29
Q

Serous membranes

A

serosa
thin membranes that cover organs

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30
Q

Isotopes

A

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties

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31
Q

Types of isotopes

A

radioactive
stable

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32
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

decay causing radiation=detectable

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33
Q

Stable Isotopes

A

don’t decay but can be detected by mass spectrometry
used as markers

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34
Q

3 types of reactions

A

synthesis
decomposition
exchange

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35
Q

Synthesis

A

make something from ingredients

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36
Q

decomposition

A

destroy something

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37
Q

exchange

A

combined decomposition and synthesis

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38
Q

Inorganic

A

mostly lack carbon; always lack carbon and hydrogen

39
Q

organic

A

carbon containing

40
Q

key inorganics

A

water
salts
acids and bases

41
Q

Acids

A

donate H+ in solution

42
Q

Bases

A

donate OH- in solution, or accept H+ in solution

43
Q

pH

A

negative base 10 of the H+ ion concentration

44
Q

buffers

A

solution of weak acid and its conjugate base

45
Q

Acidosis

A

lower than normal pH

46
Q

Alkalosis

A

higher than normal pH

47
Q

Bicarbonate buffering system

A

carbon dioxide and water added to carbonic acid results in bicarbonate and hydrogen ion
buffer system in the regulation of plasma pH

48
Q

Key organic compounds

A

carbs
lipids
proteins
nucleotides

49
Q

Monomers

A

single molecule

50
Q

Oligomers

A

few molecules

51
Q

Polymers

A

many molecules

52
Q

Carbohydrates functions

A

energy storage, especially glucose polymers

53
Q

two types of lipids

A

saturated
unsaturateds

54
Q

saturated lipids

A

linear, higher melting point

55
Q

unsaturated lipids

A

kinked chain, more fluid

56
Q

Functions of proteins

A

structural
hormonal
buffers
transport electrolytes
bind water
bind carbs
energy source

57
Q

Lipids nomenclature- delta system

A

carbons counted from the carboxyl end
#carbons, #double bonds, #carbons from carboxyl end to 1st carbon in the closest double bond

58
Q

Omega system

A

carbons counted from the methyl end

59
Q

Two types of nucleotides

A

purines
pyrimidines

60
Q

Nucleoside

A

sugar and a base

61
Q

nucleotide

A

nucleoside and phosphate

62
Q

Cell membrane components

A

phospholipid bilayer
cholesterol
embedded proteins

63
Q

ICF

A

intracellular fluid

64
Q

ECF

A

extracellular fluid

65
Q

IF

A

interstitial fluid

66
Q

Integral proteins

A

proteins stuck in the membrane

67
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

on inside or outside of the cell, may attach to integral proteins

68
Q

Types of integral proteins

A

channel proteins
receptors
glycoproteins

69
Q

The cell membrane is

A

selectively permeable

70
Q

Types of transport

A

passive
-diffusion
-facilitated transport/diffusion
active-requires energy

71
Q

Osmosis

A

the transport of water through the membrane

72
Q

Filtration

A

a biological/ chemical or physical operation that results in the separation of solid matter from a liquid – by letting the mixture pass through a filter

73
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

flows form high to lower pressure

74
Q

In hydrostatic pressure the arterial side is ____ and the venous side is ______

A

higher pressure
lower pressure

75
Q

Active transport requires ____ to move materials _____ the concentration gradient

A

ATP/energy
against

76
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

Na+/K+ ATPase
pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

77
Q

Secondary active transport

A

transport of a solute in the direction of its increasing electrochemical potential coupled to the facilitated diffusion of a second solute (usually an ion) in the direction of its decreasing electrochemical potential

78
Q

Symporters

A

move 2 molecules in the same direction

79
Q

antiporters

A

move 2 molecules in the opposite direction

80
Q

Endocytosis

A

a cellular process by which the extracellular materials or cargo are transported into intracellular compartments by a series of pathways followed by the formation of vesicles

81
Q

Exocytosis

A

opposite of endocytosis
start in a membrane bound vesicle and secreted out of the cell

82
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

83
Q

Organelles for energy production and detoxification

A

mitochondria
peroxisomes

84
Q

Cytoskeleton components

A

microtubules
microfilaments
intermediate filaments

85
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

membrane bound channels, continuous with nuclear membrane
Two types rough and smooth

86
Q

Job of rough ER

A

covered with ribosomes that participate in protein synthesis

87
Q

job of smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes participates in lipid synthesis

88
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

stack of membranes-cisternae
with two sides that sorts, modifies, and sends vesicles to their target site
cis=receives vesicles from ER
trans= releases new vesicles

89
Q

Lysosomes

A

large vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes

90
Q

Autophagy

A

self eating
destroy damaged organelles

91
Q

phago-lysosomes

A

phagocytized material vesicle fuses with lysosomes= killing chamber

92
Q

Autolysis

A

cell self-destruction
digested from the inside out

93
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelle with and outer and inner membrane
-highly folded=more surface area
contain DNA
site of cellular respiration

Physiology of Domestic Animals II (10 decks)

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