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Pharmacology I > Quiz I > Flashcards

Quiz I Flashcards

1
Q

What are collies sensitive to and why?

A

Ivermectin, due to mutant deletion of ABCB1 gene which encodes for the P-glycoprotein, and important part of the BBB

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2
Q

What drug do Australian terrier no respond to (no sedation) but instead have salivation, tachycardia, muscle tremors and convulsions?

A

Droperidol/fentanyl

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3
Q

Young animals have _____ total body water and _____ developed metabolic systems

A

higher, less

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4
Q

Liver dz ____metabolic function

A

reduces

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5
Q

Renal dz generally _____ renal clearance

A

reduces

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6
Q

A dog in congestive heart failure will have better or worse drug distribution and clearance?

A

worse/reduced

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7
Q

Is idiosyncratic drug rx dose dependent and can it occur on first exposure?

A

NOT dose dependent

can occur on 1st exposure

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8
Q

The most common hypersensitivity type associated with drug immune response is ____. Drugs commonly act as ______.

A

Type I

Haptens

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9
Q

What is a decrease in responsiveness to the same administered dose of drug over time?

A

tolerance

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10
Q

What is acute tolerance called?

A

Tachyphylaxis

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11
Q

Why does pharmacodynamic tolerance occur?

A

Changes in receptor (down regulation, change in receptor sensitivity)

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12
Q

Why does Pharmacokinetic tolerance occur?

A

Changes in absorption, metabolism or excretion

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13
Q

What is cumulation?

A

elimination slower than absorption

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14
Q

Summation

A

two drugs have additive effects

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15
Q

Synergism

A

Two drugs have greater efficacy when combined

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16
Q

Chemical Antagonism

A

drugs react to each other inactivating one or the other

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17
Q

Physiologic antagonism

A

drugs cancel each other out

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18
Q

Pharmacokinetic antagonims

A

One drug reduces the concentration of another, interferes with its ADME processes

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19
Q

Acidifying urine increases excretion of ______

A

weak bases

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20
Q

Alkalinizing urine increases excretion of ______

A

weak acids

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21
Q

What are boxers sensitive to?

A

Phenothiazines (acepromazine)

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22
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

carrier mediated, may be selective, moves with conc gradient passive

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23
Q

Active Transport

A

Carrier mediated
Saturable
Selective
Moves against conc gradient, requires energy

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24
Q

Primary active transport

A

ATP supplied directly

25
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Indirect, after ATP is used to create a electrochemical gradient

26
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis, drugs bind to surface of cell, cell membrane and envaginates. Requires energy.

27
Q

What is the 1st part of absorption and the rate limiting step?

A

Dissolution

28
Q

Bioavailability

A

fraction of given does that ends up in systemic circulation

29
Q

Is topical use intended to be absorbed systemically?

A

No

30
Q

Where does most absorption take place?

A

Small intestine

31
Q

What is Enterohepatic recycling?

A

When a drug is absorbed from portal circulation then excreted in bile and reabsorbed in the small intestine again.

32
Q

What is 1st pass metabolism?

A

an oral drug is absorbed into portal circulation and a portion of the drug is metabolized by the liver before is reaches systemic circulation.

33
Q

Parenteral

A

IV, IM, IP, SQ injections

34
Q

What 3 ways can you manipulate a drug for better transdermal absoption?

A

lipohilicity (lipid vehicle)
local humidity (like a fentanyl patch)
very high local conc

35
Q

Are lipophilic drugs more like to get into the CNS? How?

A

Through fusion of cell membranes

36
Q

Acidic drugs typically bind to ______

A

albumin

37
Q

Basic drugs bind to _____

A

B-globulins and glycoproteins, sometimes to alb

38
Q

Metabolism/Biotransformation definition

A

chemical alteration of drug by different body tissues

39
Q

Bioinactivation

A

process of making the drug inactive and easier to excrete

40
Q

Prodrug, Bioactivation

A

Prodrug- inactive substance

Bioactivation- inactive to active metabolite

41
Q

Lethal synthesis

A

nontoxic substance converted into a toxic metabolite

42
Q

Phase I Metabolism

A

oxidative hydrolytic rxns

Takes place in hepatocytes with cytochrome P450 enzymes aka mixed function oxidase system

43
Q

Phase II Metabolism

A

a molecule w/ a reactive group conjugates with a substiuent group rendering a final metabolite that is inactive and water soluble (polar)
Gulcuronidation is the most common rxn and is microsomal
Conjugatin can be reversable (enterohepatic) recycling

44
Q

What species is deficient in glucuronyl transferase?

A

cats

45
Q

What species are deficient in acetylation?

A

dogs and cats

46
Q

What species are deficient in sulfation

A

pigs

47
Q

What species only uses ornithine due to lack of oxidative enzymes?

A

birds

48
Q

Phenobarbital and phenylbutazone are enzyme ______

A

inducers

49
Q

A decrease in the capacity of metabolic enzymes is called

A

enzyme inhibition

50
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

passive, depends on molecular size and protein binding

51
Q

Active tubular secretion

A

drugs move against a conce gradient using transporters

52
Q

OCTs move ______

OATs move ______

A 
OCTs= organic bases
OATs= organic acids
53
Q

Tubular reabsorbtion

A

passive diffusion, lipid soluble and nonionized drugs can move back into circulation along their conc gradient

54
Q

You have a weak basic drug and a urine with a pH of 4. What will happen regarding ionization and excreation

A

the drug will be ionized and excretion will be enhanced

55
Q

Alkanization of urine with Na bicarb or K citrate will cause weak acids to be ______

A

ionized and enhance their secretion

56
Q

Renal excretion is ______ in neonates

A

lower

57
Q

Hepatic excretion

A

active transport/conjugates from hepatic sinudoids to bile caniculi. Lipid soluble drugs with MW >300 and a polar group more easily excreted

58
Q

What are other methods of excretion besides kidney and hepatic?

A

fecal, milk, and eggs

Pharmacology I (16 decks)

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