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Pharmacology I > Final Exam Quick and Dirty > Flashcards

Final Exam Quick and Dirty Flashcards

1
Q

Isoflurane

A

Inhalent anesthetic

Most common

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2
Q

Sevoflurane

A

Inhalation anethetic

reacts with soda lime CO2 absorbent

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3
Q

Desflurane

A

Inhalation anesthetic
lowest blood gas coefficient
need special vaporizer $$$

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4
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Inhalation anesthetic adjuvant GAS
good ANALGESIC
2nd Gas and Fink efx

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5
Q

Stop a seizure in progress

A

benzodiazepines

Diazepam, Midazolmam, Lorazepam

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6
Q

How to benzodiazepines work

A

Brain has many bzd receptors that are part of GABA complex (main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain)

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7
Q

How to stop a seizure in progress at home

A

Dispense diazepam to give rectally (or IN) via cannula, don’t put in plastic binds to plastic

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8
Q

How to stop SE

A 
Dizepam CRI w/ 5% dextrose/9% saline
Lorazopam- longer duration 
Midazolam- doesn't adhere to plastic 
Levetiracetam (Kepra) 
Phenobarb IV  
Propofol (intubate
Inhalation anesthesia
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9
Q

Phenobarbitol

A 
anti-convulsant, DoC in dogs and cats
potentiates GABA-a receptor 
SS: 10-14 days
T1/2: 100 hours 
Cytochrome p450 Induction 
Don't use serum separator tubes during monitoring/dose adjustment
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10
Q

Halothane

A

Inhalent anesthetic

Resp and CV side effects

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11
Q

Bromide

A

Anticonvulsant
Long 1/2 life, 24 days, 4 mo to reach SS
Can use w/ hepatopathy patients
Causes asthma in CATS

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12
Q

Levetiracetum/Keppra

A

Anticonvulsant

770-90% excreted in urine, remainder hydrolyzed in serum

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13
Q

Gabapentin

A

Anticonvulsant
Synthetic analog of GABA
Need frequent dosing, TID-QID
Oral solution contains XYLITOL (toxic in dogs!)

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14
Q

Pregabalin (Lyrica)

A

Anticonvulsant
Synthetic analog of GABA
Used as an add on, potentiates release and actions of GABA

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15
Q

Amide LA

A 
Lidocaine
Bupivicaine
Mepivacaine
Ropivicaaine
Prilocaine and dicucaine
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16
Q

Ester LAs

A

Procaine
Proparacaine
Benzocaine, Teracaine, Cocaine

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17
Q

MoA of LA

A

Block VG-Na+ channels (some other MoAs too)

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18
Q

PK of LAs

A

Topical/local infiltration/peripheral nerve block/intra-articular/epidural/intra-thecal/intra-venous regional anesthesia (brier’s block)

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19
Q

What is pattern for onset of blockade for LAs?

A

Onset of blockade: AD fibers (s myelinated) ->C fibers (unmyelinated) -> Aa fibers (motor, l. myelinated)
Pain and sympathetic transmission is blocked before motor transmission

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20
Q

What is Frequency Dependant block?

A

Rapidly firing nerves will be preferentially blocked

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21
Q

How can you increase the potency of a LA?

A

Increase lipid and water solubility of the drug
Lipophilicity=increases penetration into cell and binding with Na channels
Hydrophilicity=increases diffusion to site of action

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22
Q

Adverse effects of LA and how to tx

A

CNS stimulation: muscle twitcing, tremors, seizures. Tx w/ diazepam
CNS/CV depression: unconsioussness, respiratory arrest. Tx w/ artificial respirations

23
Q

Procaine

A

Ester LA
used in penicillan G preperations
Toxic to Horses- CNS stimulation, excitement and seizures

24
Q

Lidocaine

A 
Amide LA
rapid onset,medium duration 
Uses: 1B Antiarrhytmic (Vtach), feline intubation, adjunctive analgesic, GI prokinetic/anti-inflammatory 
Banned in europe food animals 
SHEEP most sensitive species
25
Q

Bupivicaine

A

Uses: infiltration, nerve blocks, epidural
Slow onset 20 min, long duration 8 hrs
Most cardiogenic of LAs, pro-arrythmogenic

26
Q

Proparacaine

A

topical ophthalmic formulation
rapid onset 30 sec, short duration 10-20 min
corneal and conjunctival manipulation
less irritating than other eye drops

27
Q

Difference between COX1 and COX2?

A

Cox 1 is “normal” cox, txa2 promotes platelet aggregation, pge1=gi maintenance and vasodilation in kidney

Cox2= inducable, prostaglandins produced during inflammation. Contribute to inflammation and pain, propagating pain signals.

28
Q

Anti-inflammatory effects of nsaids?

A

Good for acute inflammation

Inhibit synthesis of eicosanoids

29
Q

Analgesic effects of nsaids

A

decrease PG sensitization of neurons, to bradykinin peripherally, centrally (interactions of PG with nociception)

30
Q

Antipyretic effects of nsaids

A

Reduce fever- won’t reduce normal temp or hyperthermia, works on cytokines

31
Q

Antithrombotic effects of nsaids

A

inhibition of AS (TXA2)
Asprin/Acetylsalicilic acid
preferential, irreversible inhibition of COX (TXA2 and PGI2) in platelets
increased clotting time

32
Q

Antineoplastic effects of NSAIDS

A

cox2 expressed by cancers, nsaids inhibit cox
commonly transitional cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma
piroxicam often used

33
Q

Fluxin Meglumine

A

NSAID
Large animal only
no IM, causes muscle necrosis

34
Q

Phenybutazone “Bute”

A

Horses
Banned in dairy cattle
tx of MS pain
PO only

35
Q

Carprofen

A

cox-2 preferential nsaid
small animal analgesic and anti-inflammatory
oral and inj

36
Q

Fibrocoxib

A

cox2 selective nsaid

oral paste for horses, chew tabs for dogs

37
Q

Robenacoxib

A 
cox2 preferential
multiple doses (SID for 3 days) in cats
38
Q

Tramadol

A

weak u agonist
oral analgesic
may lower seizure threshold

39
Q

Pilocarpine

A

direct acting, causes miosis in 2-6 hrs
tx of glaucoma
dx of PNS lesions (eg CNIII)

40
Q

Atropine

A

direct acting Mydiatic
onset 1 hr, lasts 120 hrs
indications (opth)- reduce pain from orneal or iris dz (uveitis), break up synechea in uveitis
Don’t use in primary glaucoma, cycloplegia=horse pani, very bitter taste=cats froth

41
Q

Tropicamide

A

direct acting mydriatic
causes mydriasis and cycoplegia
faster onset than atropine
indication: dilate pupil for eye exam, prevent adhesions post cataract sx
cautions- less effective pain control than atropine, less bitter but cats still foam, avoid in gluacoma, may alter schirmer tear test

42
Q

Phenyephrine

A

Mydriasis
Dx horner’s syndrome
some cv side effects

43
Q

Timolol

A

opthalmic nonselective b-antagonist
used in gluacoma management- prevent glac. in contralateral eye
decrease aqeuous formation
may cause some miosis
Corsopt- timolol + dorzolamide: carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

44
Q

Dorzolamide

A

Reversable inhibition of CA which decreases aqueous humor production -> decreased pressure in eye

45
Q

Latanoprost

A

Prostaglandin agonist increases uveoscleral outflow by stimulating FP receptors in the eye
tx gluacoma and reduce IOP

46
Q

Tx Canine KCS

A

Cyclosporine
monitor by STT
local immunosupression-wear gloves

47
Q

Tacrolimus

A

Decreases t cell activation
alternative to cyclosporine- tx KCS
potential cancer-> wear gloves

48
Q

Opthalmic topical steriods

A

Desamethase, prednisolone

Don’t use if corneal ulcer, infection or diabetus

49
Q

Opthalmic topical NSAIDS

A

Flurbiprofen, Diclofenac
manage uveitis and some keratitis
manage cataract inflammation (diabetes patients)
contraindicated- ulcer, glaucoma and coagulopathies

50
Q

Opthalmic antibiotics

A 
aminoglycosides 
flquinolones
chloramphenicol 
NBP
Oxytetracycle
51
Q

Proparacaine

A

ophthalmic topical anesthetic
MoA: blocks Na channels preventing axonal depolarization
used for tonometry

52
Q

Hydrocodone

A

Cough suppressive
Sometimes formulated with acetominophen
Sometimes formulated with homatropine as an abuse deterrent in humans

53
Q

Albuterol

A

inhalant beta adreneric agonist
bronchodilator
has b-1 effects

54
Q

Aminophyline and Theophylline

A

Bronchodilators
am- parenteral
theo- oral
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors, inhibid mast cell degranulation
stimulate catecholamine release from adrenals
increase cns sensitivity to PCO2
Adverse effects: cardiac stimulation (+ino and chronotrope), Gi irritation, pu/pd

Pharmacology I (16 decks)

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