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Pathology > QUIZ hints - respiratory / CV > Flashcards

QUIZ hints - respiratory / CV Flashcards

1
Q

causes of lung cancer

A

tobacco smoke
carcinogens 80-90% of all lung cancers
second hand smoke = 30%
environmental/occupational exposure to silica
coal dust
radon
vinyl chloride or asbestos

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2
Q

repeated exposure to carcinogen leads to

A

dysplasia of lung epithelium damaging normal cells

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3
Q

sinus infection causes

A

viral or bacterial upper respiratory tract infection

allergens

atmospheric / air pressure changes (not cause but makes worse)

polyps

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4
Q

causes of pneumonia

A

75% bacterial
viruses, fungi, protozoa, inhalation of toxins
parasites
aspiration of vomitus

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5
Q

pulmonary edema causes

A

CHF, heart attack, damaged valves, pneumonia, kidney failure

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6
Q

causes of myocardial infarction

A

thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
thromboemboli
vasospasm

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7
Q

si/sx of laryngitis

A

voice loss
hoarseness
fever
painfull swallowing
dry scratchy throat
coughing/sneezing

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8
Q

sx of asthma

A

wheezing
prolonged exhalation
SOB
chest tightness
coughing w mucus worst at night and early morning
cyanosis
pallor at beg of attack

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9
Q

sx of left CHF

A

cant pump to aorta
congestion in LUNGS
SOB
exercise/cold intolerance
dizziness
tachycardia

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10
Q

sx of right sided CHF

A

congestion in liver
cant pump to lungs
GI tract and lower extremities
heart can enlarge, spleen can enlarge
venous congestion in lower extremities

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11
Q

sx of rheumatic heart disease

A

similar to CHF
SOB
dry cough
tachycardia
lower extremity edema
fatigue
low fever
loss of appetite
nosebleeds
chest pain
nodules on skin
red rash on chest, back, abdomen

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12
Q

sx of cardiac arrest

A

loss of consciousness
sudden collapse

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13
Q

sx of emphysema

A

SOB w prolonged exhalation
barrel chest
tripod position
weight loss
PINK PUFFER
clubbing of fingers and toes

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14
Q

sx of pneumoconiosis

A

coughing
sore throat
wheezing
SOB
chest tightness
weight loss
fever
finger clubbing
fatigue

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15
Q

bronchitis

A

BLUE BLOATER
inflammation of bronchial mucosa causing swelling and hypersecretion of mucus

impaires ciliary action
narrows airways
irreversible fibrotic changes in bronchial lining

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16
Q

emphysema

A

PINK PUFFER
permamnet enlargement of lower airways w destruction of alveolar walls

no over secretion of mucus, little coughing

clubbing of fingers and toes

weight loss

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17
Q

asthma

A

chronic inflamm disorder of airways characterized by bronchial obstruction

bronchospasms

wheezing, prolonged SOB, chest tightness, cyanosis, anxious

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18
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

interstitial lung disease caused by dust particle inhalation

develops gradually

black lung

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19
Q

bronchicstatis

A

irreversible dilation of bronchi from infection or inflammation of airways weakening bronchial walls

SAC FORM with bacteria

20
Q

bronchiolitis

A

common viral lung infection in young kids causing congestion in bronchioles

21
Q

Raynauds

A

arterial vasospams in superficial tissues of fingers and toes

vasospasm caused by overreation of a regulatory mechanism

22
Q

beurgers

A

inflammation of small-med sized arteries in extremities , damages skin tissues

23
Q

characteristics of varicose veins

A

fatigue or ache in lower extremity
ankle swelling
leg cramping
veins look blue
bulbous, twisted, tortuous
skin can be itchy
ulcers can form near ankles

24
Q

characteristics of phlebitis

A

cord like mass develops under skin
pain
swelling
hot/cold to touch

25
Q

characteristics of aneurysm

A

asymptomatic until rupture
pain
clammy skin
dizziness
nausea
tachycardia
shock
low blood pressure

26
Q

characteristics of embolism

A

depends on location of occluded vessel
severe localized pain
area is pale
numb and cold to touch
if large artery= nasuesa vomiting syncope shock

27
Q

characteristics of cor pulmonale

A

initially asymptomatic
dyspnea
fatigue
peripheral edema
neck vein distension
hepatomegaly - enlarged liver
parasternal lift

28
Q

characteristics of CAD

A

asymptomatic until arteries are obstructed or occluded

ischemia and localizes to myocardium

chest pain
weakness
lightheadedness
SOB

29
Q

characteristics of atherosclerosis

A

asymptomatic until arteries are obstructed
ischemia localized to damaged areas

30
Q

characteristics of left side CHF

A

SOB
frothy sputum
panic awake gasping for air
exercise intolerance
cold intolerance

31
Q

characteristics of right side CHF

A

liver/heart can enlarge
venous distension in jugular vein
abdominal ascites
spleen can enlarge
renal failure

32
Q

characteristics of mitral valve stenosis

A

fatigue
SOB
swollen feet
heart palpitations
heart murmur
arrythmias
dizziness/fatigue
coughing up blood
chest pain

33
Q

characteristics of rheumatic heart disease

A

SOB
dry cough
tachycardia
lower extremity edema
fatigue
low fever
loss of appetite
nosebleeds
nodules on skin
rash

34
Q

causes of peripheral artery disease

A

narrowed lumen and reduced blood supply from pulmonary hypertension

atherosclerotic plauque deposits stick to the inside of peripheral artery walls

35
Q

causes of mitral valve stenosis

A

strep infection called rheumatic fever
calcium deposits
invasion of bacteria cause scarring on delicate leaflets on valve

36
Q

causes of CAD

A

atherosclerotic plaque deposit on inside of coronary artery walls

37
Q

virchow’s triad

A
  1. endothelial cell injury
  2. blood stasis
  3. hypercoagulability
38
Q

cause of rheumaric heart disease

A

rheumatic fever

39
Q

causes of cor pulmonale

A

pulmonary hypertension
COPD
embolism
vasocontriction
mechanical ventilation

40
Q

causes of myocardial infarction

A
  1. thrombus build up from atherosclerosis
  2. thromboemboli
  3. vasospasm
41
Q

myocarditis

A

virus or parasites

42
Q

endocarditis

A

bacterial

43
Q

treatment for angina pectoris

A

sublingual nitroglycerin

44
Q

tx for TB

A

cocktail of 4 anti-TB drugs for 6-9 months

45
Q

vegetations -> Aschoff bodies

A

valve damage producing vegetations called aschcoff bodies

these break off and give rise to embolism that can cause infarction

found in myocardium

made of lymphocytes and fibroblasts

can interfere w rhythmicity of heart if near conduction system

46
Q

how does cardiomyopathy affect the heart muscle

A

changes myocardium - ASSOCIATED W inadequate heart pumping

dilated - dilated left ventricle, blood is pumped less forcefully

hypertrophic = thickening of left ventricle

restricted

47
Q

what occurs w sleep apnea

A

obstruction NOT disease
loose tissues block airway
temporary cessation of breathing
O2 is low, Co2 is HIGH
levels build in blood while sleeping, the brain senses these changes and wakes you to breath normally

Pathology (8 decks)

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