QUIZ hints - respiratory / CV Flashcards
causes of lung cancer
tobacco smoke
carcinogens 80-90% of all lung cancers
second hand smoke = 30%
environmental/occupational exposure to silica
coal dust
radon
vinyl chloride or asbestos
repeated exposure to carcinogen leads to
dysplasia of lung epithelium damaging normal cells
sinus infection causes
viral or bacterial upper respiratory tract infection
allergens
atmospheric / air pressure changes (not cause but makes worse)
polyps
causes of pneumonia
75% bacterial
viruses, fungi, protozoa, inhalation of toxins
parasites
aspiration of vomitus
pulmonary edema causes
CHF, heart attack, damaged valves, pneumonia, kidney failure
causes of myocardial infarction
thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
thromboemboli
vasospasm
si/sx of laryngitis
voice loss
hoarseness
fever
painfull swallowing
dry scratchy throat
coughing/sneezing
sx of asthma
wheezing
prolonged exhalation
SOB
chest tightness
coughing w mucus worst at night and early morning
cyanosis
pallor at beg of attack
sx of left CHF
cant pump to aorta
congestion in LUNGS
SOB
exercise/cold intolerance
dizziness
tachycardia
sx of right sided CHF
congestion in liver
cant pump to lungs
GI tract and lower extremities
heart can enlarge, spleen can enlarge
venous congestion in lower extremities
sx of rheumatic heart disease
similar to CHF
SOB
dry cough
tachycardia
lower extremity edema
fatigue
low fever
loss of appetite
nosebleeds
chest pain
nodules on skin
red rash on chest, back, abdomen
sx of cardiac arrest
loss of consciousness
sudden collapse
sx of emphysema
SOB w prolonged exhalation
barrel chest
tripod position
weight loss
PINK PUFFER
clubbing of fingers and toes
sx of pneumoconiosis
coughing
sore throat
wheezing
SOB
chest tightness
weight loss
fever
finger clubbing
fatigue
bronchitis
BLUE BLOATER
inflammation of bronchial mucosa causing swelling and hypersecretion of mucus
impaires ciliary action
narrows airways
irreversible fibrotic changes in bronchial lining
emphysema
PINK PUFFER
permamnet enlargement of lower airways w destruction of alveolar walls
no over secretion of mucus, little coughing
clubbing of fingers and toes
weight loss
asthma
chronic inflamm disorder of airways characterized by bronchial obstruction
bronchospasms
wheezing, prolonged SOB, chest tightness, cyanosis, anxious
pneumoconiosis
interstitial lung disease caused by dust particle inhalation
develops gradually
black lung
bronchicstatis
irreversible dilation of bronchi from infection or inflammation of airways weakening bronchial walls
SAC FORM with bacteria
bronchiolitis
common viral lung infection in young kids causing congestion in bronchioles
Raynauds
arterial vasospams in superficial tissues of fingers and toes
vasospasm caused by overreation of a regulatory mechanism
beurgers
inflammation of small-med sized arteries in extremities , damages skin tissues
characteristics of varicose veins
fatigue or ache in lower extremity
ankle swelling
leg cramping
veins look blue
bulbous, twisted, tortuous
skin can be itchy
ulcers can form near ankles
characteristics of phlebitis
cord like mass develops under skin
pain
swelling
hot/cold to touch
characteristics of aneurysm
asymptomatic until rupture
pain
clammy skin
dizziness
nausea
tachycardia
shock
low blood pressure
characteristics of embolism
depends on location of occluded vessel
severe localized pain
area is pale
numb and cold to touch
if large artery= nasuesa vomiting syncope shock
characteristics of cor pulmonale
initially asymptomatic
dyspnea
fatigue
peripheral edema
neck vein distension
hepatomegaly - enlarged liver
parasternal lift
characteristics of CAD
asymptomatic until arteries are obstructed or occluded
ischemia and localizes to myocardium
chest pain
weakness
lightheadedness
SOB
characteristics of atherosclerosis
asymptomatic until arteries are obstructed
ischemia localized to damaged areas
characteristics of left side CHF
SOB
frothy sputum
panic awake gasping for air
exercise intolerance
cold intolerance
characteristics of right side CHF
liver/heart can enlarge
venous distension in jugular vein
abdominal ascites
spleen can enlarge
renal failure
characteristics of mitral valve stenosis
fatigue
SOB
swollen feet
heart palpitations
heart murmur
arrythmias
dizziness/fatigue
coughing up blood
chest pain
characteristics of rheumatic heart disease
SOB
dry cough
tachycardia
lower extremity edema
fatigue
low fever
loss of appetite
nosebleeds
nodules on skin
rash
causes of peripheral artery disease
narrowed lumen and reduced blood supply from pulmonary hypertension
atherosclerotic plauque deposits stick to the inside of peripheral artery walls
causes of mitral valve stenosis
strep infection called rheumatic fever
calcium deposits
invasion of bacteria cause scarring on delicate leaflets on valve
causes of CAD
atherosclerotic plaque deposit on inside of coronary artery walls
virchow’s triad
- endothelial cell injury
- blood stasis
- hypercoagulability
cause of rheumaric heart disease
rheumatic fever
causes of cor pulmonale
pulmonary hypertension
COPD
embolism
vasocontriction
mechanical ventilation
causes of myocardial infarction
- thrombus build up from atherosclerosis
- thromboemboli
- vasospasm
myocarditis
virus or parasites
endocarditis
bacterial
treatment for angina pectoris
sublingual nitroglycerin
tx for TB
cocktail of 4 anti-TB drugs for 6-9 months
vegetations -> Aschoff bodies
valve damage producing vegetations called aschcoff bodies
these break off and give rise to embolism that can cause infarction
found in myocardium
made of lymphocytes and fibroblasts
can interfere w rhythmicity of heart if near conduction system
how does cardiomyopathy affect the heart muscle
changes myocardium - ASSOCIATED W inadequate heart pumping
dilated - dilated left ventricle, blood is pumped less forcefully
hypertrophic = thickening of left ventricle
restricted
what occurs w sleep apnea
obstruction NOT disease
loose tissues block airway
temporary cessation of breathing
O2 is low, Co2 is HIGH
levels build in blood while sleeping, the brain senses these changes and wakes you to breath normally
