cardiovascular Flashcards
stable angina
- most prevalent
- predictable pattern
- triggered by emotional stress, cold temps, physical exertion
- resolves w rest and nitroglycerine
unstable angina
- signal imminent heart attack
- not predictable
- not triggered by anything
- prolonged pain at rest
- does not resolve w rest or nitroglycerin
what is an angina pectoris
chest pain caused by reduced blood supply to the heart
myocardial ischemia
blood flow to the heart is reduced causing mm myocardial tissue to be depleted of O2
due to blockage of artery
too fast heart beat =
over 100 = tachycardia
too slow heartbeat =
under 50 = bradycardia
normal 50-100 beats/min
arrhythmia =
variation in normal rhythm
dysrhythmia =
abnormal disturbed rhythm
Congestive heart failure
left sided heart failure can’t pump to where? and where does the blood back into
left ventricle can’t pump to aorta
blood backs up into lungs
congestion in LUNGS
Congestive heart failure
right sided heart failure can’t pump to where?
right ventricle can’t pump out to lungs
blood backs up into veins and causes lower extremity swelling
congestion in LIVER
what is rheumatic fever
inflammatory condition that develops after untreated streptococcal throat infection (group A)
cause an autoimmune reaction that can damage heart, joints, CNS or skin
occurs in children 5-15
what is rheumatic fever caused by
group A strep
after rheumatic fever infection what can happen
infection can manifest is all 3 layers of the heart
(endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)
what are Aschoff bodies
spindle shaped nodules are found in myocardium
if they are near the conduction system they interfere with the rhythmicity of the heart
what is cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart mm that changes in the myocardium = inadequate heart pumping
3 types of cardiomyopathy
- dilated = dilated left ventricle, decreases hearts contractility
- hypertrophic = thickening of left ventricle, interferes with hearts ability to expand and fill up before contraction
- restricted = myocardium becomes rigid and less elastic, interferes with hearts ability to expand and fill up before contraction
the right ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged and dysfunctional due to pulmonary artery hypertension =
cor pulmonale
= RIGHT ventricular failure
chronic
what is endocarditis (infective endocarditis)
infection –> inflammation of interior lining of the heart from a bacterial infection
etiology of endocarditis = bacterial infection in bloodstream
a pathogen enters bloodstream and attaches to defects in the endocardium or on heart valves
causing inflammation and formation of vegetations on cusps of valves
can cause embolism
myocarditis
inflammation of heart mm or myocardium caused by infection of viruses or parasites
most common virus of myocarditis
coxsackie enterovirus or common cold virus
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart
causes fluid build up in pericardial space which can compress the heart
what is mitral stenosis
narrowing of the bicuspid valve, causing abnormal opening and blocking blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
from strep infection
pathogenesis of mitral stenosis
invasion of bacteria cause scarring on the leaflets of the valve
what is aortic stenosis
narrowing of aortic valve
preventing the valve from opening fully reducing or blocking blood flow into the aorta and onward
left ventricle has to work harder to pump blood into the aorta
how fast does myocardial tissue die
20 minutes
does not regenerate
infarcted tissue becomes necrotic then fibrotic
with a myocardial infarction what 3 things cause coronary artery blockages
- thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
- thromboemboli
- vasospasm
what is cardiac arrest
- heart stops
- stops all cardiac output
- blood stops pumping through circulation depriving body tissues of O2 and allowing waste products to build up
what are the 3 factors that cause thrombosis known as “Virchow’s Triad”
- endothelial cell injury - caused by inflammation
- blood stasis - reduced blood flow promotes sedimentation of blood cells and forms turbulence
- hypercoagulability - gets thicker and clumps
whats another pathology rheumatic fever can cause
valve stenosis
what pathology of the heart cant pump enough blood to meet the bodies demands
congestive heart failure
which condition is associated w ashcoff bodies
rheumatic heart disease
what is cor pulmonale due to
pulmonary artery hypertension
what is arteriosclerosis
hardening of smaller arteries
process of deposits on the inside lining of arteries that causes the walls of the artery to thicken and lose their elasticity
leading to reduced blood flow = long standing hypertension
myocarditis = viral
endocarditis = infective
what are the 4 named localized forms of atherosclerosis
- coronary artery disease
- cerebrovascular disease
- atherosclerosis of the aorta
- peripheral artery disease
what is atherosclerosis
endothelial injury of artery wall
immunologic and inflammatory reaction causing fatty streak to form
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis in coronary arteries
fatty streak forms and reduces blood flow to myocardium
what is the most common heart disease
coronary artery disease
what is it called when surgery involves using a healthy vein from leg, an artery in chest or artery in wrist to bypass the occluded vessel in the heart
coronary bypass
which arterial disease can cause cyanosis of the skin
peripheral artery disease
3 categories of hypertension
primary = 90% of cases - not linked to underlying disease
secondary = 5-10% results of co-existing disease
malignant = severe, uncontrollable, rapidly progresses
high pressures that stress the heart and all arterial wall tissues is called what
hypertension
what blood pressure is considered low
90/60
when a blood vessel wall weakness forms a pouch outward enlarging the artery , creating thrombus and later embolus - what is this called
aneurysm
what is the most common aneurysm
abdominal aortic
what is a true aneurysm
weakness and damage involving all 3 arterial layers
what is a false aneurysm
tear in the artery
blood collects outside the wall but remains in surrounding tissues
what does a thoracic aneurysm cause
difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
what is a stroke (CVA)
disruption of blood flow into brain causing infarction of brain tissue within minutes
causes hypoxia and ischemia
vessel is ruptured or occluded
causes irreversible brain damage
left sided brain damage causes right sided paralysis
right sided brain damage causes left sided paralysis
PARALYSIS IS CONTRALATERAL TO SIDE OF BRAIN AFFECTED
2 main types of CVA
ischemic - caused by atherosclerosis
hemorrhagic (more severe) - caused by hypertension and cerebral aneurysms
with orthostatic (postural) hypotension how much does systolic and diastolic drop by
systolic = 20
diastolic - 10
what is inflammation of the small to medium sized arteries in extremities, causing them to swell
thromboangiitis obliterans or buerger’s disease
what is phlebitis
inflammation of vein usually in extremities causing poor circulation
caused by venous stasis
3 causes/ risk factors of DVT
venous stasis
vessel wall injury
hypercoagulable blood
when veins become dilated and twisted b/c of damaged walls and incompetent valves what is that called
varicose veins
what is the most common cause of myocardial infarction
atherosclerosis
which cardiomyopathy is characterized by dilation of the heart chambers and systolic dysfunction
dilated cardiomyopathy
what is the characteristic histological finding in rheumatic heart disease
aschoff bodies
what valve is most commonly affected in infective endocarditis
aortic valve
Aschoff bodies are found in what disease
rheumatic heart disease
what is the most common cause of mitral stenosis
rheumatic fever
what is the most common cause of angina
myocardial ischemia
what pathology is caused by inflammation in the heart muscle caused by infection of viruses or parasites
myocarditis
what vessel is affected in Beurger disease (thromboangitis obliterans)
small-medium sized arteries of the extremities
primary cause of varicose veins
valvular incompetence
what is a complication of DVT
pulmonary embolism
common risk factor for developing aneurysms
hypertension
most common location for abdominal aortic aneurysms
abdominal aorta
what causes chest pain by reduced blood flow to the heart and is not relieved by ingesting nitroglycerin
myocardial infarction
atherosclerosis of the arteries causes which cardiovascular pathology
coronary artery disease
peripheral artery disease
cerebrovascular disease
what CVA is characterized by a ruptured vessel
hemorrhagic
what type of aneurysm is characterized by weakness and damage to all 3 arterial layers
true aneurysm
what is the is the formation of a blood clot in the arterial wall called
thrombosis
what are causes of secondary hypertension
diabetes
smoking
excess alcohol
what pathology can cause painful red nodules on fingers called osler nodes
endocarditis
