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Pathology > cardiovascular > Flashcards

cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

stable angina

A
  • most prevalent
  • predictable pattern
  • triggered by emotional stress, cold temps, physical exertion
  • resolves w rest and nitroglycerine
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2
Q

unstable angina

A
  • signal imminent heart attack
  • not predictable
  • not triggered by anything
  • prolonged pain at rest
  • does not resolve w rest or nitroglycerin
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3
Q

what is an angina pectoris

A

chest pain caused by reduced blood supply to the heart

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4
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

blood flow to the heart is reduced causing mm myocardial tissue to be depleted of O2

due to blockage of artery

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5
Q

too fast heart beat =

A

over 100 = tachycardia

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6
Q

too slow heartbeat =

A

under 50 = bradycardia

normal 50-100 beats/min

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7
Q

arrhythmia =

A

variation in normal rhythm

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8
Q

dysrhythmia =

A

abnormal disturbed rhythm

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9
Q

Congestive heart failure

left sided heart failure can’t pump to where? and where does the blood back into

A

left ventricle can’t pump to aorta

blood backs up into lungs

congestion in LUNGS

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10
Q

Congestive heart failure

right sided heart failure can’t pump to where?

A

right ventricle can’t pump out to lungs

blood backs up into veins and causes lower extremity swelling

congestion in LIVER

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11
Q

what is rheumatic fever

A

inflammatory condition that develops after untreated streptococcal throat infection (group A)

cause an autoimmune reaction that can damage heart, joints, CNS or skin

occurs in children 5-15

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12
Q

what is rheumatic fever caused by

A

group A strep

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13
Q

after rheumatic fever infection what can happen

A

infection can manifest is all 3 layers of the heart

(endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)

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14
Q

what are Aschoff bodies

A

spindle shaped nodules are found in myocardium

if they are near the conduction system they interfere with the rhythmicity of the heart

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15
Q

what is cardiomyopathy

A

disease of the heart mm that changes in the myocardium = inadequate heart pumping

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16
Q

3 types of cardiomyopathy

A
  1. dilated = dilated left ventricle, decreases hearts contractility
  2. hypertrophic = thickening of left ventricle, interferes with hearts ability to expand and fill up before contraction
  3. restricted = myocardium becomes rigid and less elastic, interferes with hearts ability to expand and fill up before contraction
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17
Q

the right ventricle of the heart becomes enlarged and dysfunctional due to pulmonary artery hypertension =

A

cor pulmonale

= RIGHT ventricular failure

chronic

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18
Q

what is endocarditis (infective endocarditis)

A

infection –> inflammation of interior lining of the heart from a bacterial infection

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19
Q

etiology of endocarditis = bacterial infection in bloodstream

A

a pathogen enters bloodstream and attaches to defects in the endocardium or on heart valves

causing inflammation and formation of vegetations on cusps of valves

can cause embolism

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20
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of heart mm or myocardium caused by infection of viruses or parasites

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21
Q

most common virus of myocarditis

A

coxsackie enterovirus or common cold virus

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22
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart

causes fluid build up in pericardial space which can compress the heart

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23
Q

what is mitral stenosis

A

narrowing of the bicuspid valve, causing abnormal opening and blocking blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

from strep infection

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24
Q

pathogenesis of mitral stenosis

A

invasion of bacteria cause scarring on the leaflets of the valve

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25
Q

what is aortic stenosis

A

narrowing of aortic valve

preventing the valve from opening fully reducing or blocking blood flow into the aorta and onward

left ventricle has to work harder to pump blood into the aorta

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26
Q

how fast does myocardial tissue die

A

20 minutes

does not regenerate

infarcted tissue becomes necrotic then fibrotic

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27
Q

with a myocardial infarction what 3 things cause coronary artery blockages

A
  1. thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
  2. thromboemboli
  3. vasospasm
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28
Q

what is cardiac arrest

A
  • heart stops
  • stops all cardiac output
  • blood stops pumping through circulation depriving body tissues of O2 and allowing waste products to build up
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29
Q

what are the 3 factors that cause thrombosis known as “Virchow’s Triad”

A
  1. endothelial cell injury - caused by inflammation
  2. blood stasis - reduced blood flow promotes sedimentation of blood cells and forms turbulence
  3. hypercoagulability - gets thicker and clumps
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30
Q

whats another pathology rheumatic fever can cause

A

valve stenosis

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31
Q

what pathology of the heart cant pump enough blood to meet the bodies demands

A

congestive heart failure

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32
Q

which condition is associated w ashcoff bodies

A

rheumatic heart disease

33
Q

what is cor pulmonale due to

A

pulmonary artery hypertension

34
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of smaller arteries

process of deposits on the inside lining of arteries that causes the walls of the artery to thicken and lose their elasticity

leading to reduced blood flow = long standing hypertension

35
Q

myocarditis = viral

A

endocarditis = infective

36
Q

what are the 4 named localized forms of atherosclerosis

A
  1. coronary artery disease
  2. cerebrovascular disease
  3. atherosclerosis of the aorta
  4. peripheral artery disease
37
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

endothelial injury of artery wall

immunologic and inflammatory reaction causing fatty streak to form

38
Q

coronary artery disease

A

atherosclerosis in coronary arteries

fatty streak forms and reduces blood flow to myocardium

39
Q

what is the most common heart disease

A

coronary artery disease

40
Q

what is it called when surgery involves using a healthy vein from leg, an artery in chest or artery in wrist to bypass the occluded vessel in the heart

A

coronary bypass

41
Q

which arterial disease can cause cyanosis of the skin

A

peripheral artery disease

42
Q

3 categories of hypertension

A

primary = 90% of cases - not linked to underlying disease

secondary = 5-10% results of co-existing disease

malignant = severe, uncontrollable, rapidly progresses

43
Q

high pressures that stress the heart and all arterial wall tissues is called what

A

hypertension

44
Q

what blood pressure is considered low

A

90/60

45
Q

when a blood vessel wall weakness forms a pouch outward enlarging the artery , creating thrombus and later embolus - what is this called

A

aneurysm

46
Q

what is the most common aneurysm

A

abdominal aortic

47
Q

what is a true aneurysm

A

weakness and damage involving all 3 arterial layers

48
Q

what is a false aneurysm

A

tear in the artery

blood collects outside the wall but remains in surrounding tissues

49
Q

what does a thoracic aneurysm cause

A

difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
difficulty breathing (dyspnea)

50
Q

what is a stroke (CVA)

A

disruption of blood flow into brain causing infarction of brain tissue within minutes

causes hypoxia and ischemia

vessel is ruptured or occluded

causes irreversible brain damage

51
Q

left sided brain damage causes right sided paralysis

A

right sided brain damage causes left sided paralysis

PARALYSIS IS CONTRALATERAL TO SIDE OF BRAIN AFFECTED

52
Q

2 main types of CVA

A

ischemic - caused by atherosclerosis

hemorrhagic (more severe) - caused by hypertension and cerebral aneurysms

53
Q

with orthostatic (postural) hypotension how much does systolic and diastolic drop by

A

systolic = 20

diastolic - 10

54
Q

what is inflammation of the small to medium sized arteries in extremities, causing them to swell

A

thromboangiitis obliterans or buerger’s disease

55
Q

what is phlebitis

A

inflammation of vein usually in extremities causing poor circulation

caused by venous stasis

56
Q

3 causes/ risk factors of DVT

A

venous stasis

vessel wall injury

hypercoagulable blood

57
Q

when veins become dilated and twisted b/c of damaged walls and incompetent valves what is that called

A

varicose veins

58
Q

what is the most common cause of myocardial infarction

A

atherosclerosis

59
Q

which cardiomyopathy is characterized by dilation of the heart chambers and systolic dysfunction

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

60
Q

what is the characteristic histological finding in rheumatic heart disease

A

aschoff bodies

61
Q

what valve is most commonly affected in infective endocarditis

A

aortic valve

62
Q

Aschoff bodies are found in what disease

A

rheumatic heart disease

63
Q

what is the most common cause of mitral stenosis

A

rheumatic fever

64
Q

what is the most common cause of angina

A

myocardial ischemia

65
Q

what pathology is caused by inflammation in the heart muscle caused by infection of viruses or parasites

A

myocarditis

66
Q

what vessel is affected in Beurger disease (thromboangitis obliterans)

A

small-medium sized arteries of the extremities

67
Q

primary cause of varicose veins

A

valvular incompetence

68
Q

what is a complication of DVT

A

pulmonary embolism

69
Q

common risk factor for developing aneurysms

A

hypertension

70
Q

most common location for abdominal aortic aneurysms

A

abdominal aorta

71
Q

what causes chest pain by reduced blood flow to the heart and is not relieved by ingesting nitroglycerin

A

myocardial infarction

72
Q

atherosclerosis of the arteries causes which cardiovascular pathology

A

coronary artery disease
peripheral artery disease
cerebrovascular disease

73
Q

what CVA is characterized by a ruptured vessel

A

hemorrhagic

74
Q

what type of aneurysm is characterized by weakness and damage to all 3 arterial layers

A

true aneurysm

75
Q

what is the is the formation of a blood clot in the arterial wall called

A

thrombosis

76
Q

what are causes of secondary hypertension

A

diabetes
smoking
excess alcohol

77
Q

what pathology can cause painful red nodules on fingers called osler nodes

A

endocarditis

78
Q
A

Pathology (8 decks)

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