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Pathology > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

impaired clotting mechanisms causing prolonged bleeding is what

A

hemophilia

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2
Q

impaired bone marrow function in making WBCs

A

leukemia

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3
Q

fungal infection from inhaled spores found in soil, bird and bat droppings

A

histoplasmosis

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4
Q

oral lesions =

A

herpes simplex 1

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5
Q

genital lesions =

A

herpes simplex 2

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6
Q

what virus hides in the dorsal root ganglia and is activated when stressed

A

herpes

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7
Q

sexually transmitted virus causing warts and can lead to cervical cancer

A

HPV

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8
Q

Affects GI mostly, also respiratory, and nervous systems, flu like symptoms:

A

viral enterovirus

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9
Q

Virus enters the anterior horn of the spinal cord, damages motor neurons:

A

poliomyelitis

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10
Q

Often asymptomatic, lasts a lifetime, infection, spread via, body secretions

A

cytomegalovirus

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11
Q

Starts in upper respiratory (infected droplets), then goes to lower, if immunocompromised
life-threatening

A

influenza virus

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12
Q

Rhinovirus:

A

common cold

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13
Q

Yeast infection, what is the name of the yeast:

A

candida albicans

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14
Q

Very common, resides no skin, overgrowth causes disease from mild on severe:

A

staphylococcus aureus

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15
Q

Has two groups Group A and Group B

A

streptococcus

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16
Q

Pathologies included in Group A streptococcus

A

Strep throat
Pharyngitis
Impetigo
Rhematic fever
Necrotizing fasciitis

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17
Q

Highly contagious throat infection, if left untreated-serious

A

pharyngitis - strep throat

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18
Q

if untreated may lead To valve damage:

A

rheumatic fever

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19
Q

Flesh eating disease:

A

necrotizing fasciitis

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20
Q

Normally occurring bacteria that flourishes In immunocompromised, may cause
pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis:

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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21
Q

Sexually transmitted infection of urogenital tract, but may also infect pharynx,
eyes, and rectum

A

gonococcus - gonorrhea

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22
Q

Inflammation of the fluid and the membranes to the meninges:
infection, if left untreated-serious:

A

meningococcal infections - meningitis

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23
Q

Yersinia pestis:

A

plague, bubonic plague, black death

bacterial infection in lungs transmitted by fleas on rodents

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24
Q

Bacteria found in canned food causing blocked nerve functions and severe paralyzing
effects:

A

clostridium botulinum

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25
Q

Found in water, soil, vegetation, and feces, used to measure quality of water:

A

coliforms

example - E.coli

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26
Q

From contaminated water, person dies of dehydration from severe diarrhea

A

cholera coliforms

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27
Q

Infectious, inflammatory disease of lungs, #1 cause in world for infection, also lymph nodes
& other organs affected:

A

tuberculosis

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28
Q

Infectious bacterial infection causing skin sores, growths, nerve damage and nasal
symptoms:

A

leprosy

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29
Q

Most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the world:

A

chlamydia

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30
Q

A sexually transmitted protozoa (parasite) infection:

A

trichomoniasis

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31
Q

Inhaled pollens trigger a histamine release:

A

hay fever

allergic rhinitis

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32
Q

Chronic skin irritation, childhood mostly:

A

atopic dermatitis - eczema

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33
Q

Abnormal response to inhaled allergens In the bronchi:

A

asthma

characterized by bronchospasms

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34
Q

A severe life-threatening systemic response to an allergen:

A

anaphylactic shock

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35
Q

RBCs are destroyed faster than they can be produced:

A

hemolytic anemia

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36
Q

Antibodies produced attack collagen in the lungs & kidneys:

A

goodpasture’s syndrome

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37
Q

overproduction of thyroid hormones

A

hyperthyroidism

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38
Q

Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ and
there is an excess of cholinesterase, causing an excess of acetylcholine in the cleft:

A

myasthenia gravis

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39
Q

what is Ptosis:

A

eyelids droop

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40
Q

butterfly rash is found in people with what

A

lupus

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41
Q

renal disease after a sore throat

A

post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

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42
Q

most common Type IV reaction

A

contact dermatitis

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43
Q

Sexually transmitted virus that infects and destroys CD4 and T cells:

A

human immunodeficiency virus - HIV

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44
Q

Abnormal proteins build up in organs causing dysfunction:

A

amyloidosis

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45
Q

Infection and inflammation of lymphatic vessels:

A

lymphangitis

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46
Q

Local accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces:

A

edema

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47
Q

cancer of lymph node

A

lymphoma

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48
Q

Hodgkin’s vs non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Hodgkin’s = starts in 1 lymph node
peaks in 20-30’s and 60-70s
Reed sternberg cells *

Non Hodgkin’s = from B cells
more common in men than women
more common in general
more widespread and metatasizes early on
NO reed sternberg cells *

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49
Q

Infectious mononucleosis also called:

A

kissing disease

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50
Q

Myalgic encephalomyelitis: also called:

A

chronic fatigue syndrome

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51
Q

list the 6 attributes of cancer cells

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
  2. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
  3. Evading apoptosis
  4. Limitless replicative potential
  5. Sustained angiogenesis
  6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
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52
Q

what are the 3 metastasis routes

A
  1. lymphatic spread
  2. hematogenous spread
  3. direct extension - local invasion
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53
Q

Give 4 viral pathologies that are linked to cancer:

A

HPV
Hep B and C
Epstein Barr
Human T-lymphotropic virus

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54
Q

Bacterial infection of skin, blisters, very contagious:

A

bullous impetigo

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55
Q

bacterial infection of skin with no blisters

A

non bullous impetigo

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56
Q

Infection that crusts over an ulcer, deeper form of impetigo:

A

ecthyma

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57
Q

Infection In lower layers of skin:

A

cellulitis

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58
Q

Infection In upper layers of skin:

A

erysipelas

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59
Q

Infection of a hair follicle:

A

furuncle

many formed together is CARBUNCLE

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60
Q

Chronic inflammation of the hair follicular epithelium causing blockages, painful lumps
(pustules & nodules):

A

hidradenitis suppurativa

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61
Q

Infectious fungus or mycosis, lives of keratin:

A

dermatophytosis

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62
Q

Tiny insects or parasites that live in skin with hair and feed of blood:

A

lice = pediculosis

capitis, corporis, pubis

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63
Q

what leaves wavy trails

A

mites/ scabies

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64
Q

Viral infection of skin causing warts, spreads through skin-to-skin contact:

A

viral molluscum contagiosum

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65
Q

Hair follicle with sebaceous gland obstruction and clogging

A

acne vulgaris

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66
Q

Skin irritation with erythema, pustules and telangiectasis over malar areas:

A

acne rosacea

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67
Q

shaving rash is called what

A

pseudofolliculitis barbae

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68
Q

hair loss is called what

A

alopecia

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69
Q

Chronic scaley silver-coloured patches caused by overgrowth of the epidermis:

A

psoriasis

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70
Q

Inflammatory reaction to drugs, target shaped lesions:

A

erythema multiforme

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71
Q

severe reaction to drugs w target shaped lesions

A

steven johnson syndrome

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72
Q

skin tags also called what

A

acrochordon

cutaneous papilloma

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73
Q

what is urticaria also called

A

hives

74
Q

hard thickened areas from too much friction often on feet

A

corns

75
Q

a bony bump at the base of the MTP joint:

A

bunion

76
Q

genetic disorder causing dry thickened scaly skin, a slowing of the skins shedding
process:

A

ichthyosis (vulgaris)

77
Q

Skin loses pigment in an irregular pattern:

A

vitiligo

78
Q

first degree burn affects

A

epidermis only affected

red non blistered skin

minimal damage

inflammation, swelling, dry peeling skin

heals within 7-10 days

79
Q

second degree burn affects

A

epidermis and part of dermis affected

blisters

red and painful w thickening skin

heal within 3 weeks

80
Q

third degree burn affects

A

dermis, epidermis, hypodermis all affected

most severe

widespread thickness w white leathery appearance

heals w scarring w/o sx

high risk infection

81
Q

raised scar larger than original wound

A

keloid

82
Q

raised scar same as original wound

A

hypertrophic

83
Q

Inflammation of the pleural membranes:

A

pleurisy (pleuritis)

84
Q

Collapsed lung is also called:

A

pneumothorax

85
Q

Air sacs and bronchioles fill with fluid, debris and cellular waste inflammation

A

pneumonia

86
Q

Build up of excess fluid between the pleural membranes:

A

pleural effusion

87
Q

High blood pressure that effects the arteries of the lungs:

A

pulmonary arterial hypertension

88
Q

Excess fluid in the air sac of the lungs

A

pulmonary edema

89
Q

Respiratory system fails to maintain gas exchange at alveolar membrane:

A

type 1 - respiratory failure

hypoxemic, impaired at alveolar/capillary membrane or respiratory exchange membrane

90
Q

Respiratory system fails to maintain the respiratory pump

A

Type 2

hypercapnic, respiratory pump failure

91
Q

Contagious lung infection that is encapsulated in a tubercle and forms caseous necrosis

A

tuberculosis

92
Q

Causes 80-90% of all lung cancers:

A

tobacco smoke

93
Q

Group of respiratory diseases that cause obstruction of air flow

A

COPD

94
Q

Inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, causing swelling hypersecretion of mucus:

A

chronic bronchitis

95
Q

blue bloater

A

chronic bronchitis

96
Q

pink puffer

A

emphysema

97
Q

Permanent enlargement and destruction of alveoli:

A

emphysema

98
Q

Barrel chest, tripod position, clubbing of fingers found in:

A

emphysema

99
Q

Bronchiole smooth mm are in spasm:

A

asthma

100
Q

Irritating dust particles cause interstitial lung disease

A

pneumoconiosis

101
Q

Weakened bronchiole walls form out pouches

A

bronchiectasis

102
Q

Common lung infection in children causing inflammation of the bronchioles:

A

bronchiolitis

103
Q

Genetic disorder causing hyper secretion of mucus, saliva and digestive juices producing
cells:

A

cystic fibrosis

104
Q

Upper airway is obstructed while sleeping causing hypoxia:

A

sleep apnea

105
Q

A clot occludes the pulmonary artery partially or completely:

A

pulmonary embolism

106
Q

Reduced blood flow to the myocardium causing chest pain, treated with nitroglycerin:

A

angina pectoris

107
Q

Myocardium damage due to hypoxia, often caused by a blockage:

A

myocardial ischemia

108
Q

Abnormal heartbeat caused by conduction system impairment:

A

arrythmias or dysrhythmias

109
Q

Device that helps control abnormal heart beats

A

pacemaker

110
Q

Inability of the heart to pump blood to meet the body’s’ demands:

A

congestive heart failure

111
Q

Left sided heart failure produces

A

cant pump to AORTA

congestion in LUNGS

112
Q

right sided heart failure produces

A

cant pump to LUNGS

congestion in LIVER

113
Q

develops after untreated post-streptococcal throat infection:

A

rheumatic fever

114
Q

Dilated, hypertrophic and restricted heart muscle:

A

dilated - dilated L ventricle, decrease hearts contractility so blood is pumped less forcefully

hypertrophic - thickening of L ventricle, interferes w heart’s ability to to expand and fill up before contraction

restricted - myocardium becomes rigid & less elastic

115
Q

Enlarged right ventricle due to pulmonary artery hypertension:

A

cor pulmonale

116
Q

Osler’s nodes

A

endocarditis - painful red nodules on fingers

117
Q

Infection of the interior lining of the heart, affecting heart valves:

A

endocarditis (infective endocarditis)

118
Q

Most common cause for this pathology: coxsackie enterovirus, common cold virus, Covid 19, hep B and C and parasites:

A

myocarditis

119
Q

An increase in fluid in the pericardial sac:

A

pericarditis

120
Q

Narrowing of the bicuspid valve caused by rheumatic fever:

A

mitral stenosis (bicuspid valve stenosis)

121
Q

Causes of: congenital, calcification of valve, rheumatic fever:

A

aortic stenosis

122
Q

Interrupted blood supply causing ischemia & hypoxia, tissues dies in 20 minutes:

A

myocardial infarction/ heart attack

123
Q

Heart stops, loss of consciousness, sudden collapse:

A

cardiac arrest

124
Q

formation of a blood clot in an arterial wall:

A

thrombosis

125
Q

Floating matter in our bloodstream that doesn’t belong and may occlude an artery

A

embolism

126
Q

Hardening of smaller arteries:

A

arteriosclerosis

127
Q

Endothelial injury of an artery wall with a fatty streak made of lipids, cholesterol and other
cells

A

atherosclerosis

128
Q

Atherosclerosis of arteries surrounding the heart:

A

coronary artery disease

129
Q

Surgeons use a healthy vein from elsewhere in the body and use it to bypass a blocked
artery of the heart

A

coronary bypass

130
Q

Peripheral pulses distal to the occluded blood vessels are absent:

A

peripheral artery disease

131
Q

Called the “SILENT KILLER”:

A

hypertension

132
Q

What is normal blood pressure:

A

120/80

133
Q

What is low blood pressure:

A

90/60

134
Q

Blood vessel wall weakness that forms a pouch

A

aneurysm

135
Q

Type of stroke, liquifies brain tissue:

A

hemorrhagic

136
Q

Sudden drop in blood pressure causing lightheadedness, after standing up:

A

orthostatic hypotension

137
Q

Colors of skin, often in hands: White, blue and red:

A

raynauds

138
Q

Young man who is a smoker: inflammation of small to medium arteries in extremities:

A

thromboangitis obliterans
or buergers disease

139
Q

Inflammation of a vein:

A

phlebitis

140
Q

Where does a DVT come from?

A

venous stasis from prolonged inactivity

trauma to venous wall from IV or chemicals

increased blood hypercoagulability

141
Q

what does a DVT occlude or block

A

may lodge in pulmonary artery causing a pulmonary embolism

142
Q

Dilated, twisted veins due to damaged wall and incompetent valves

A

varicose veins

143
Q

Life threatening condition, where body does not get enough blood or oxygen and
nutrients, has many types

A

circulatory shock

144
Q

Nitrogen dissolves too quickly in the blood and forms bubbles that act like an embolism

A

decompression illness

145
Q

Limitation of blood flow due to pressure causing necrosis and tissue death

A

decubitus ulcers (bed sores, pressure ulcers)

146
Q

Autoimmune disease where immune cells attack the walls of blood vessels causing
inflammation:

A

vasculitis

147
Q

Most serious complication in diabetes causing mortality affecting the basement
membrane in the capillary beds:

A

diabetic microangiopathy

148
Q

Two most common causes is gallstones and alcohol abuse

A

pancreatitis

149
Q

Cancer with the highest mortality rate (92%)

A

pancreatic cancer

150
Q

3 P’s of diabetes mellitus

A

Polyuria - excessive urination

Polydipsia - excessive thirst

Polyphagia -excessive hunger

151
Q

Lack of digestive enzymes often caused by cystic fibrosis

A

pancreatic insufficiency

152
Q

Hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva, sweat and digestive juices:

A

cystic fibrosis

153
Q

Sodium faulty transport produces dehydration causing

A

mucus secretions to be thick and sticky

cystic fibrosis

154
Q

Hypercortisolism:

A

cushings syndrome/ disease

155
Q

Hypocortisolism:

A

addison’s disease

156
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood:

A

gigantism

157
Q

Hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood:

A

Acromegaly

158
Q

Pituitary gland sits in the:

A

sella turcica

159
Q

A tumor in the adrenal cortex, affecting aldosterone production causing over production and affecting salt & potassium:

A
160
Q

auto immune disease that causes hyperactivity of the thyroid gland:

A

graves disease

161
Q

Two special items for graves disease:

A

beta blockers and anti thyroidal drugs?

162
Q

First ever auto immune disease discovered:

A

Hashimoto’s disease

163
Q

imbalance in calcium metabolism

A

hyperparathyroidism

164
Q

occurs in immunocompromised, fungal infection of the lungs

A

fungal pneumonia

pneumocystis carinii

165
Q

antibody/antigen complexes deposit in small to medium arteries, causing clumping and inflammation

A

polyarteritis nodosa

166
Q

treponema pallidum invades and causes tissues to die in what sexually transmitted infection

A

bacterial syphilis

167
Q

if rheumatic fever affects the heart valves it causes damage called

A

vegetations

168
Q

rheumatic heart disease has what distinguishing nodules in the myocardium

A

Aschoff bodies

169
Q

common causes of myocardial infarction

A

thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis

thromboemboli

vasospasm

170
Q

aneurysm in head is called

A

cerebral aneurysm

171
Q

aneurysm in thoracic causes

A

difficulty swallowing- dysphagia

difficulty breathing - dyspnea

172
Q

80% of all stroke types

A

ischemic

173
Q

a tumor in adrenal cortex, affecting aldosterone production causing overproduction and affecting salt and potassium

A

primary aldosteronism - conn’s syndrome

174
Q

often, empty sella syndrome does not affect the function of the

A

pituitary gland

175
Q

pituitary gland is squashed by

A

empty sella syndrome

enlargement or malformation of sella turcica causing buildup of cerebrospinal fluid that squishes pit gland in sella turcica

176
Q

sodium faulty transport produces dehydration causing

A

primary aldosteronism conn’s syndrome

177
Q

lack of digestive enzymes often caused by cystic fibrosis

A

pancreatic insufficiency

178
Q

what type of vessel effected in Takayasu arteritis

A

large vessels (aorta and large branches)

179
Q

what type of vessel effected in polyarteritis nodosa

A

medium sized vessels

180
Q

what type of vessel effected in giant cell or temporal arteritis

A

infection of superficial temporal artery and other arteries that supply the head eyes and jaw

Pathology (8 decks)

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