FINAL Flashcards
impaired clotting mechanisms causing prolonged bleeding is what
hemophilia
impaired bone marrow function in making WBCs
leukemia
fungal infection from inhaled spores found in soil, bird and bat droppings
histoplasmosis
oral lesions =
herpes simplex 1
genital lesions =
herpes simplex 2
what virus hides in the dorsal root ganglia and is activated when stressed
herpes
sexually transmitted virus causing warts and can lead to cervical cancer
HPV
Affects GI mostly, also respiratory, and nervous systems, flu like symptoms:
viral enterovirus
Virus enters the anterior horn of the spinal cord, damages motor neurons:
poliomyelitis
Often asymptomatic, lasts a lifetime, infection, spread via, body secretions
cytomegalovirus
Starts in upper respiratory (infected droplets), then goes to lower, if immunocompromised
life-threatening
influenza virus
Rhinovirus:
common cold
Yeast infection, what is the name of the yeast:
candida albicans
Very common, resides no skin, overgrowth causes disease from mild on severe:
staphylococcus aureus
Has two groups Group A and Group B
streptococcus
Pathologies included in Group A streptococcus
Strep throat
Pharyngitis
Impetigo
Rhematic fever
Necrotizing fasciitis
Highly contagious throat infection, if left untreated-serious
pharyngitis - strep throat
if untreated may lead To valve damage:
rheumatic fever
Flesh eating disease:
necrotizing fasciitis
Normally occurring bacteria that flourishes In immunocompromised, may cause
pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis:
streptococcus pneumoniae
Sexually transmitted infection of urogenital tract, but may also infect pharynx,
eyes, and rectum
gonococcus - gonorrhea
Inflammation of the fluid and the membranes to the meninges:
infection, if left untreated-serious:
meningococcal infections - meningitis
Yersinia pestis:
plague, bubonic plague, black death
bacterial infection in lungs transmitted by fleas on rodents
Bacteria found in canned food causing blocked nerve functions and severe paralyzing
effects:
clostridium botulinum
Found in water, soil, vegetation, and feces, used to measure quality of water:
coliforms
example - E.coli
From contaminated water, person dies of dehydration from severe diarrhea
cholera coliforms
Infectious, inflammatory disease of lungs, #1 cause in world for infection, also lymph nodes
& other organs affected:
tuberculosis
Infectious bacterial infection causing skin sores, growths, nerve damage and nasal
symptoms:
leprosy
Most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the world:
chlamydia
A sexually transmitted protozoa (parasite) infection:
trichomoniasis
Inhaled pollens trigger a histamine release:
hay fever
allergic rhinitis
Chronic skin irritation, childhood mostly:
atopic dermatitis - eczema
Abnormal response to inhaled allergens In the bronchi:
asthma
characterized by bronchospasms
A severe life-threatening systemic response to an allergen:
anaphylactic shock
RBCs are destroyed faster than they can be produced:
hemolytic anemia
Antibodies produced attack collagen in the lungs & kidneys:
goodpasture’s syndrome
overproduction of thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism
Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the NMJ and
there is an excess of cholinesterase, causing an excess of acetylcholine in the cleft:
myasthenia gravis
what is Ptosis:
eyelids droop
butterfly rash is found in people with what
lupus
renal disease after a sore throat
post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
most common Type IV reaction
contact dermatitis
Sexually transmitted virus that infects and destroys CD4 and T cells:
human immunodeficiency virus - HIV
Abnormal proteins build up in organs causing dysfunction:
amyloidosis
Infection and inflammation of lymphatic vessels:
lymphangitis
Local accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces:
edema
cancer of lymph node
lymphoma
Hodgkin’s vs non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hodgkin’s = starts in 1 lymph node
peaks in 20-30’s and 60-70s
Reed sternberg cells *
Non Hodgkin’s = from B cells
more common in men than women
more common in general
more widespread and metatasizes early on
NO reed sternberg cells *
Infectious mononucleosis also called:
kissing disease
Myalgic encephalomyelitis: also called:
chronic fatigue syndrome
list the 6 attributes of cancer cells
- Self-sufficiency in growth signals
- Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
- Evading apoptosis
- Limitless replicative potential
- Sustained angiogenesis
- Tissue invasion and metastasis
what are the 3 metastasis routes
- lymphatic spread
- hematogenous spread
- direct extension - local invasion
Give 4 viral pathologies that are linked to cancer:
HPV
Hep B and C
Epstein Barr
Human T-lymphotropic virus
Bacterial infection of skin, blisters, very contagious:
bullous impetigo
bacterial infection of skin with no blisters
non bullous impetigo
Infection that crusts over an ulcer, deeper form of impetigo:
ecthyma
Infection In lower layers of skin:
cellulitis
Infection In upper layers of skin:
erysipelas
Infection of a hair follicle:
furuncle
many formed together is CARBUNCLE
Chronic inflammation of the hair follicular epithelium causing blockages, painful lumps
(pustules & nodules):
hidradenitis suppurativa
Infectious fungus or mycosis, lives of keratin:
dermatophytosis
Tiny insects or parasites that live in skin with hair and feed of blood:
lice = pediculosis
capitis, corporis, pubis
what leaves wavy trails
mites/ scabies
Viral infection of skin causing warts, spreads through skin-to-skin contact:
viral molluscum contagiosum
Hair follicle with sebaceous gland obstruction and clogging
acne vulgaris
Skin irritation with erythema, pustules and telangiectasis over malar areas:
acne rosacea
shaving rash is called what
pseudofolliculitis barbae
hair loss is called what
alopecia
Chronic scaley silver-coloured patches caused by overgrowth of the epidermis:
psoriasis
Inflammatory reaction to drugs, target shaped lesions:
erythema multiforme
severe reaction to drugs w target shaped lesions
steven johnson syndrome
skin tags also called what
acrochordon
cutaneous papilloma
what is urticaria also called
hives
hard thickened areas from too much friction often on feet
corns
a bony bump at the base of the MTP joint:
bunion
genetic disorder causing dry thickened scaly skin, a slowing of the skins shedding
process:
ichthyosis (vulgaris)
Skin loses pigment in an irregular pattern:
vitiligo
first degree burn affects
epidermis only affected
red non blistered skin
minimal damage
inflammation, swelling, dry peeling skin
heals within 7-10 days
second degree burn affects
epidermis and part of dermis affected
blisters
red and painful w thickening skin
heal within 3 weeks
third degree burn affects
dermis, epidermis, hypodermis all affected
most severe
widespread thickness w white leathery appearance
heals w scarring w/o sx
high risk infection
raised scar larger than original wound
keloid
raised scar same as original wound
hypertrophic
Inflammation of the pleural membranes:
pleurisy (pleuritis)
Collapsed lung is also called:
pneumothorax
Air sacs and bronchioles fill with fluid, debris and cellular waste inflammation
pneumonia
Build up of excess fluid between the pleural membranes:
pleural effusion
High blood pressure that effects the arteries of the lungs:
pulmonary arterial hypertension
Excess fluid in the air sac of the lungs
pulmonary edema
Respiratory system fails to maintain gas exchange at alveolar membrane:
type 1 - respiratory failure
hypoxemic, impaired at alveolar/capillary membrane or respiratory exchange membrane
Respiratory system fails to maintain the respiratory pump
Type 2
hypercapnic, respiratory pump failure
Contagious lung infection that is encapsulated in a tubercle and forms caseous necrosis
tuberculosis
Causes 80-90% of all lung cancers:
tobacco smoke
Group of respiratory diseases that cause obstruction of air flow
COPD
Inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, causing swelling hypersecretion of mucus:
chronic bronchitis
blue bloater
chronic bronchitis
pink puffer
emphysema
Permanent enlargement and destruction of alveoli:
emphysema
Barrel chest, tripod position, clubbing of fingers found in:
emphysema
Bronchiole smooth mm are in spasm:
asthma
Irritating dust particles cause interstitial lung disease
pneumoconiosis
Weakened bronchiole walls form out pouches
bronchiectasis
Common lung infection in children causing inflammation of the bronchioles:
bronchiolitis
Genetic disorder causing hyper secretion of mucus, saliva and digestive juices producing
cells:
cystic fibrosis
Upper airway is obstructed while sleeping causing hypoxia:
sleep apnea
A clot occludes the pulmonary artery partially or completely:
pulmonary embolism
Reduced blood flow to the myocardium causing chest pain, treated with nitroglycerin:
angina pectoris
Myocardium damage due to hypoxia, often caused by a blockage:
myocardial ischemia
Abnormal heartbeat caused by conduction system impairment:
arrythmias or dysrhythmias
Device that helps control abnormal heart beats
pacemaker
Inability of the heart to pump blood to meet the body’s’ demands:
congestive heart failure
Left sided heart failure produces
cant pump to AORTA
congestion in LUNGS
right sided heart failure produces
cant pump to LUNGS
congestion in LIVER
develops after untreated post-streptococcal throat infection:
rheumatic fever
Dilated, hypertrophic and restricted heart muscle:
dilated - dilated L ventricle, decrease hearts contractility so blood is pumped less forcefully
hypertrophic - thickening of L ventricle, interferes w heart’s ability to to expand and fill up before contraction
restricted - myocardium becomes rigid & less elastic
Enlarged right ventricle due to pulmonary artery hypertension:
cor pulmonale
Osler’s nodes
endocarditis - painful red nodules on fingers
Infection of the interior lining of the heart, affecting heart valves:
endocarditis (infective endocarditis)
Most common cause for this pathology: coxsackie enterovirus, common cold virus, Covid 19, hep B and C and parasites:
myocarditis
An increase in fluid in the pericardial sac:
pericarditis
Narrowing of the bicuspid valve caused by rheumatic fever:
mitral stenosis (bicuspid valve stenosis)
Causes of: congenital, calcification of valve, rheumatic fever:
aortic stenosis
Interrupted blood supply causing ischemia & hypoxia, tissues dies in 20 minutes:
myocardial infarction/ heart attack
Heart stops, loss of consciousness, sudden collapse:
cardiac arrest
formation of a blood clot in an arterial wall:
thrombosis
Floating matter in our bloodstream that doesn’t belong and may occlude an artery
embolism
Hardening of smaller arteries:
arteriosclerosis
Endothelial injury of an artery wall with a fatty streak made of lipids, cholesterol and other
cells
atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis of arteries surrounding the heart:
coronary artery disease
Surgeons use a healthy vein from elsewhere in the body and use it to bypass a blocked
artery of the heart
coronary bypass
Peripheral pulses distal to the occluded blood vessels are absent:
peripheral artery disease
Called the “SILENT KILLER”:
hypertension
What is normal blood pressure:
120/80
What is low blood pressure:
90/60
Blood vessel wall weakness that forms a pouch
aneurysm
Type of stroke, liquifies brain tissue:
hemorrhagic
Sudden drop in blood pressure causing lightheadedness, after standing up:
orthostatic hypotension
Colors of skin, often in hands: White, blue and red:
raynauds
Young man who is a smoker: inflammation of small to medium arteries in extremities:
thromboangitis obliterans
or buergers disease
Inflammation of a vein:
phlebitis
Where does a DVT come from?
venous stasis from prolonged inactivity
trauma to venous wall from IV or chemicals
increased blood hypercoagulability
what does a DVT occlude or block
may lodge in pulmonary artery causing a pulmonary embolism
Dilated, twisted veins due to damaged wall and incompetent valves
varicose veins
Life threatening condition, where body does not get enough blood or oxygen and
nutrients, has many types
circulatory shock
Nitrogen dissolves too quickly in the blood and forms bubbles that act like an embolism
decompression illness
Limitation of blood flow due to pressure causing necrosis and tissue death
decubitus ulcers (bed sores, pressure ulcers)
Autoimmune disease where immune cells attack the walls of blood vessels causing
inflammation:
vasculitis
Most serious complication in diabetes causing mortality affecting the basement
membrane in the capillary beds:
diabetic microangiopathy
Two most common causes is gallstones and alcohol abuse
pancreatitis
Cancer with the highest mortality rate (92%)
pancreatic cancer
3 P’s of diabetes mellitus
Polyuria - excessive urination
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Polyphagia -excessive hunger
Lack of digestive enzymes often caused by cystic fibrosis
pancreatic insufficiency
Hypersecretion of cells that produce mucus, saliva, sweat and digestive juices:
cystic fibrosis
Sodium faulty transport produces dehydration causing
mucus secretions to be thick and sticky
cystic fibrosis
Hypercortisolism:
cushings syndrome/ disease
Hypocortisolism:
addison’s disease
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood:
gigantism
Hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood:
Acromegaly
Pituitary gland sits in the:
sella turcica
A tumor in the adrenal cortex, affecting aldosterone production causing over production and affecting salt & potassium:
auto immune disease that causes hyperactivity of the thyroid gland:
graves disease
Two special items for graves disease:
beta blockers and anti thyroidal drugs?
First ever auto immune disease discovered:
Hashimoto’s disease
imbalance in calcium metabolism
hyperparathyroidism
occurs in immunocompromised, fungal infection of the lungs
fungal pneumonia
pneumocystis carinii
antibody/antigen complexes deposit in small to medium arteries, causing clumping and inflammation
polyarteritis nodosa
treponema pallidum invades and causes tissues to die in what sexually transmitted infection
bacterial syphilis
if rheumatic fever affects the heart valves it causes damage called
vegetations
rheumatic heart disease has what distinguishing nodules in the myocardium
Aschoff bodies
common causes of myocardial infarction
thrombus buildup from atherosclerosis
thromboemboli
vasospasm
aneurysm in head is called
cerebral aneurysm
aneurysm in thoracic causes
difficulty swallowing- dysphagia
difficulty breathing - dyspnea
80% of all stroke types
ischemic
a tumor in adrenal cortex, affecting aldosterone production causing overproduction and affecting salt and potassium
primary aldosteronism - conn’s syndrome
often, empty sella syndrome does not affect the function of the
pituitary gland
pituitary gland is squashed by
empty sella syndrome
enlargement or malformation of sella turcica causing buildup of cerebrospinal fluid that squishes pit gland in sella turcica
sodium faulty transport produces dehydration causing
primary aldosteronism conn’s syndrome
lack of digestive enzymes often caused by cystic fibrosis
pancreatic insufficiency
what type of vessel effected in Takayasu arteritis
large vessels (aorta and large branches)
what type of vessel effected in polyarteritis nodosa
medium sized vessels
what type of vessel effected in giant cell or temporal arteritis
infection of superficial temporal artery and other arteries that supply the head eyes and jaw
