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Pathology > infectious diseases / inflammation > Flashcards

infectious diseases / inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

what is dysuria

A

painful urination

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2
Q

what does histamine do and where do they come from

A

released from platelets and mast cells

provoke contraction of endothelial cells of blood vessel walls

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3
Q

what does bradykinin do and where is it released from

A

released from plasma

accounts for pain felt in inflammation

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4
Q

what do leukotrienes do

A

promote chemotaxis and increased permeability

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5
Q

what do prostaglandins do

A

cause vasodilation and increased permeability

mediate pain and fever

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6
Q

5 signs of cardinal inflammation

A

heat (vasodilation, increased blood flow)

erythema (redness) (vasodilation, increased blood flow)

edema (caused by fluid and cells leaking into interstitial space)

pain ( direct trauma)

loss of use (caused by damage to joint, lig, tendon)

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7
Q

routes of transmission (5)

A

contact (direct/indirect) FOMITES

airborne (sm particles floating in air)

droplet (large particle floating in air)

vehicle (common sources –> food and water)

vector (carried by something else) TICK

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8
Q

what is botulism

A

bacteria that causes severe food poisoning w paralyzing effects

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9
Q

definition of virulence

A

of organisms and the time they take to start the infection process in a new host

more = less chance
less =more chance for transmission

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10
Q

how do infections spread (3 ways)

A

directly

via natural channels (moving through membranes)

via nerves or phagocytes

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11
Q

connective tissue cell types

macophages produce these
(FAM)

A

myofibroblasts
angioblasts
fibroblasts

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12
Q

stages of deep wound healing

A
  1. inflammatory
  2. migratory
  3. proliferative
  4. maturation
  5. scar formation
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13
Q

what inflammation produces puss like substances

A

purulent

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14
Q

first cells to arrive in inflamamtion

A

PMNs
platelets
neutrophils

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15
Q

what are PMN’s

A

polymorphonuclear cells

engulf and digest bacteria

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16
Q

how is the complement system activated (3 ways)

A

classical pathway (ANTIBODIES BIND TO ANTIGENS)

alternative pathway (BACTERIA ENDOTOXINS)

lectin pathway (MACROPHAGES THAT DIGEST BACTERIA THAT RELEASE CHEMICALS CAUSING LIVER TO PRODUCE LECTIN )

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of cytokines

produced by leukocytes

A

interleukin 1 = promotes inflamm reactions

tumor necrosis factor

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18
Q

signs and symptoms of inflammation

A

fever
leukocytosis
systemic symptoms

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19
Q

cells of chronic inflammation

A

lymphocytes
plasma cells

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20
Q

causes of inflammation

A

infections
chemical
physical
foreign bodies
immune causes

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21
Q

types of inflammation

A

serous (mild, early stages, viral infections)

fibrinous (severe, bacterial infections)

purulent (puss forming bacteria)

ulcerative

pseudomembranous (combo)

granulomatous

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22
Q

1st vs 2nd vs 3rd line of defense

A

first = mechanical barriers (mucus, skin)

second = inflammation

third = acquired immune response (adaptive immunity)

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23
Q

what is group B streptococcus called

A

AGALACTIAE

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24
Q

what is group A streptococcus called

A

streptococcus PYOGENES

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25
Q

transmission of lyme disease

A

deer tick bites directly into blood stream

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26
Q

transmission of leprosy

A

genetic factors or activation of innate immune system targeting shwann cells causing demyelination

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27
Q

transmission of tuberculosis and what does it cause

A

inhaled droplets that establish in lungs causing caseous granulomas

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28
Q

transmission of candidiasis

A

get it from candida albicans
antibiotic use causing imbalance of candida causing pathology

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29
Q

transmission of rhinovirus

A

airborne droplets from fomites

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30
Q

transmission of influenza

A

infected droplets or touching fomites then touching mouth/nose

attaches and replicates in epithelial cell on lining leading to immune response to the infection

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31
Q

characteristics of chlamydia

A

epithelial cells in mucosal sites around the body are primary target for this bacteria

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32
Q

symptoms of chlamydia

A

can be asymptomatic

enlarged lymph nodes
oropharyngeal infection
conjunctivitis
women = burning itching discharge
men - burning itching discharge

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33
Q

4 stages of syphilis

PSLT

A

primary - painless, contagious lesions, enlarged lymph nodes

second - rash, fever, fatigue, lack of appetite, headache, sore throat

latent - asymptomatic, skin rash

tertiary - cardiovascular, neurological systems, weak blood vessels, valvular problems, mm discoordination, visual/ auditory impairment, dementia

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34
Q

where does the herpes virus hide

A

dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord and appears when body is stressed

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35
Q

what is YERSINIA PESTUM

A

the plague - bubonic plague - black death

bacterial infection of the lungs carried by fleas on rodents

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36
Q

anaerobic bacteria example

A

staphylococcus AUREUS

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37
Q

intrinsic tissue healing pathway

A

blood vessel wall damage

activated by collagen fibres
factor XII - create clot or scab

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38
Q

extrinsic tissue healing pathway

A

activated by tissue factor
releases thromboplastin

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39
Q

virulence

A

measures the power of degree of pathogenicity

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40
Q

what is incubation period

A

time between entry of microorganism into body and appearance of clinical signs

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41
Q

what is prodromal period

A

nonspecific or generalized symptoms like fatigue loss of appetite or headache

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42
Q

how do viral infections attack

A

by attaching to other cells

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43
Q

which diseases stay lifelong

A

AIDS
lyme
herpes

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44
Q

tx for e coliform

A

hydration , let it run its course

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45
Q

staph infection group A

A

most common
pharyngitis or strep throat followed by rheumatic fever, cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, nec. fasciitis

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46
Q

in clostridium botulinum what causes the disease

A

the toxins that get released when in the bloodstream that block nerve functions –> respiratory / mm paralysis

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47
Q

sources of infection

A

virus
bacteria
protozoa
fungi
helminths (worms)
mycobacteria
prions

48
Q

portals of exit

A

feces
urine
vomit
tears
semen
open lesions
blood
saliva

49
Q

what is a reservoir

A

person carrying a contagious disease

50
Q

what is a carrier

A

person carrying contagious disease but doesn’t experience symptoms

51
Q

what is a fomite

A

inanimate object that transmits disease
(phone, doorknob, keyboard)

52
Q

patterns of infection: may produce

A

local damage (warts)

toxin that is poisonous (botulism)

widespread systemic effects (HIV)

53
Q

mode of action

A

virus - invades cells, invade DNA, change & interfere w normal cell processes –> metabolism, growth, replication

other organisms - cause cell to die in some way

54
Q

what is an opportunistic infection

A

from impaired immune system

common in AIDS, HIV, transplant pt’s, older age, newborns, burn victims, chronically diseased

55
Q

clinical S&S of infection

A

systemic
skin
cardiovascular
respiratory system
CNS
GI
urinary system

56
Q

4 components in response to injury

A
  1. circulatory changes (1st response, increased blood flow)
  2. vessel wall changes (damage to endothelial lining in BV walls = more permeable/ leakier)
  3. immune response (release of mediators/chemicals –> cytokines, histamines, arachidonic acid)
  4. cellular response (fluid imbalance, emigration of leukocytes, phagocytosis)
57
Q

what is pseudomembranous a combo of

A

ulcerative
purulent
fibrinous

58
Q

once POLIOVIRUS in ingested where does it travel

A

anterior horn of spinal cord

multiplies and damages motor neurons causing mm weakness and flaccid paralysis

flu like symptoms

59
Q

what does the rhinovirus attack

A

upper and lower respiratory tracts

60
Q

anaerobic infections

A

no oxygen reactions, pus forming
obligate = live without O2
facultative = can survive w/o O2

61
Q

what does treponema pallidum form (syphilis)

A

invades and causes tissues to fibrose and die causing necrosis

tissue forms GUMMAS which act like tumors, growing and taking resources

62
Q

CLOT formation - what do both pathways require ?

A

Ca2+ to produce PROTHROMBINASE then PROTHROMBIN -> THROMBIN –> FIBRIN THREAD –> FIBRIN CLOT (scab)

63
Q

what is most common form of herpes

A

simplex 1

64
Q

what is the most common sexually transmitted disease

A

Genital warts
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

65
Q

what is the most common subtype of Staph

A

staph. aureus

group A

66
Q

what is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia and meningitis

A

streptococcus pneumonia

67
Q

most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection

A

chlamydia

most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy

68
Q

how does chlamydia work

A

epithelial cells in mucous sites around the body are the primary target of this bacteria

bacteria lives and reproduces inside these cells eventually killing them but first causing inflammation and damage

69
Q

main symptoms of chlamydia
(tx= antibiotics)

A

can be asymptomatic
enlarged lymph nodes
oropharyngeal

burning, itching, discharge, dysuria, conjunctivitis

70
Q

disease that infects urogenital tract but also can infect pharynx, eyes, rectum

A

Gonococcus (Gonorrhea) (the clap)

71
Q

what often occurs w chlamydia

A

gonorrhea

both treated w antibiotics

72
Q

what disease causes discolored skin sores and growths, nerve damage and nasal symptoms

A

leprosy (tx is antibiotics for 1-2 years, non-reversible)

targets schwann cells causing demyelination

73
Q

what disease affects mostly the lungs but can affect lymph nodes and other organs

A

tuberculosis (air borne droplet spread)

74
Q

what is the leading cause of infection in the world

A

tuberculosis (latent and active TB)

75
Q

what droplets cause granulomas in the lungs

A

tuberculosis

76
Q

what does tuberculosis cause

A

pneumonia, meningitis, pericarditis, urogenital infections, can become widesread in body, weight loss, persistent cough

diagnosed w culture sputum or skin test

77
Q

how is TB treated

A

antibiotic cocktail for 6-9 months, vaccination

78
Q

where are coliforms found

A

water
soil
vegetation
feces

79
Q

what does escherichia coli do

A

its a virulent strain

causes gastroenteritis and UTI

80
Q

what is main form of transmittance for coliforms

A

fecal-oral

81
Q

clinical features of coliforms

A

bloody diarrhea
nausea
fever
vomiting
stomach cramping

82
Q

main cause of death w coliforms

A

dehydration

83
Q

what infection causes watery diarrhea leading to severe and rapid dehydration - can be fatal

A

coliforms - CHOLERA

84
Q

what are the 3 types of clostridium botulinum

A

C. difficile
C. tetani
C. botulinum

85
Q

what causes paralysis if eaten from canned foods

A

clostridium botulinum

86
Q

what anaerobic disease causes mm weakness generally starting in the mm’s supplied by cranial nerves (eye, eyelids, facial expression, swallowing, talking)

A

clostridium botulinum

87
Q

what is the treatment for clostridium botulinum

A

antitoxin that blocks the action of the neurotoxin circulating in the blood

breathing tube may be necessary

88
Q

what is the term for the plague

A

yersinia pestis (lung infection)

89
Q
A
90
Q

while in bloodstream avoidance of phagocytes and immune cells allow it to replicate and cause destruction —- what disease

A

anaerobic yersinia pestis (plague)

91
Q

what is the vector of lyme disease

A

deer tick

92
Q

purpose of inflammation

A

to start healing process

  1. to inactivate injurious agent
  2. to break down and remove dead cells
  3. to initiate healing of tissues
93
Q

what is heat and erythema caused by

A

caused by vasodilation & increased blood flow

94
Q

what is edema caused by

A

fluid and cells leaking into interstitial spaces

95
Q

what is pain caused by

A

direct trauma

bradykinins, histamines, swelling of nerves

96
Q

what is loss of use caused by

A

caused by joint, ligament, mm, tendon damage

97
Q

causes of inflammation

A

infections - living pathogens infect (bacteria)

chemical causes - organic or inorganic, industrial/medicinal, exogenous/endogenous

physical causes - heat, irradiation, trauma

foreign bodies - a thorn or bee sting

immune causes - hypersensitivity reactions

98
Q

types of inflammation

SEROUS

A

mildest
exudate is CLEAR fluid
viral infections

99
Q

what type of inflammation is seen in bacterial infections

A

fibrinous

100
Q

what kind of inflammation is strep, staph

A

purulent

101
Q

what cells are the most important in healing

A

macrophages

b/c they stay the longest and contribute by producing cytokines, growth factors, mediators, myofibroblasts, angioblasts, fibroblasts

102
Q

what causes coagulation

A

platelets (thrombocytes)
contain granular substances

103
Q

cells of chronic inflammation

A

lymphocytes
plasma cells

104
Q

what are the most prominent in inflammatory reactions and allergic reactions mediated by immunoglobulin IgE

A

basophils

precursers to mast cells

105
Q

what cell is involved w allergic reactions and parasitic reactions

A

eosinophils

106
Q

stages of wound healing in order

IMPMS

A

inflammatory
migratory
proliferative
maturation
scar tissue formation

107
Q

what is the extrinsic pathway for

A

tissue damage

108
Q

what is the intrinsic pathway for

A

blood vessel wall damage

109
Q

in the clot formation pathway what do ex/in produce before they come together

A

prothrombin

then they come together to complete the process and produce THROMBIN

110
Q

amount of organisms it takes to mount an infection in the host

A

virulence

staph = takes high number of organisms to make it transmittable to another person

flu = takes little amount to transmit

111
Q

5 types of herpes

A

simplex 1
simplex 2
varicella - zoster (shingles)
epstein barr virus
cytomegalovirus

112
Q

what is the most common cause of cold sores

A

herpes simplex 1

113
Q

which type of herpes is transmitted via bloodsteam and can affect any organ

A

cytomegalovirus

114
Q

circulatory changes

A
  1. arterioles vasoCONSTRICT
  2. vasoDILATE
    causing blood to rush into capillary network (hyperemia)
    causes REDNESS SWELLING WARMTH on skin
115
Q

the complement system causes a histamine release which causes

A

vasodilation and promotes chemotaxis

116
Q
A

Pathology (8 decks)

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