infectious diseases / inflammation Flashcards
1
Q
what is dysuria
A
painful urination
2
Q
what does histamine do and where do they come from
A
released from platelets and mast cells
provoke contraction of endothelial cells of blood vessel walls
3
Q
what does bradykinin do and where is it released from
A
released from plasma
accounts for pain felt in inflammation
4
Q
what do leukotrienes do
A
promote chemotaxis and increased permeability
5
Q
what do prostaglandins do
A
cause vasodilation and increased permeability
mediate pain and fever
6
Q
5 signs of cardinal inflammation
A
heat (vasodilation, increased blood flow)
erythema (redness) (vasodilation, increased blood flow)
edema (caused by fluid and cells leaking into interstitial space)
pain ( direct trauma)
loss of use (caused by damage to joint, lig, tendon)
7
Q
routes of transmission (5)
A
contact (direct/indirect) FOMITES
airborne (sm particles floating in air)
droplet (large particle floating in air)
vehicle (common sources –> food and water)
vector (carried by something else) TICK
8
Q
what is botulism
A
bacteria that causes severe food poisoning w paralyzing effects
9
Q
definition of virulence
A
of organisms and the time they take to start the infection process in a new host
more = less chance
less =more chance for transmission
10
Q
how do infections spread (3 ways)
A
directly
via natural channels (moving through membranes)
via nerves or phagocytes
11
Q
connective tissue cell types
macophages produce these
(FAM)
A
myofibroblasts
angioblasts
fibroblasts
12
Q
stages of deep wound healing
A
- inflammatory
- migratory
- proliferative
- maturation
- scar formation
13
Q
what inflammation produces puss like substances
A
purulent
14
Q
first cells to arrive in inflamamtion
A
PMNs
platelets
neutrophils
15
Q
what are PMN’s
A
polymorphonuclear cells
engulf and digest bacteria
16
Q
how is the complement system activated (3 ways)
A
classical pathway (ANTIBODIES BIND TO ANTIGENS)
alternative pathway (BACTERIA ENDOTOXINS)
lectin pathway (MACROPHAGES THAT DIGEST BACTERIA THAT RELEASE CHEMICALS CAUSING LIVER TO PRODUCE LECTIN )
17
Q
what are the 2 types of cytokines
produced by leukocytes
A
interleukin 1 = promotes inflamm reactions
tumor necrosis factor
18
Q
signs and symptoms of inflammation
A
fever
leukocytosis
systemic symptoms
19
Q
cells of chronic inflammation
A
lymphocytes
plasma cells
20
Q
causes of inflammation
A
infections
chemical
physical
foreign bodies
immune causes
21
Q
types of inflammation
A
serous (mild, early stages, viral infections)
fibrinous (severe, bacterial infections)
purulent (puss forming bacteria)
ulcerative
pseudomembranous (combo)
granulomatous
22
Q
1st vs 2nd vs 3rd line of defense
A
first = mechanical barriers (mucus, skin)
second = inflammation
third = acquired immune response (adaptive immunity)
23
Q
what is group B streptococcus called
A
AGALACTIAE
24
Q
what is group A streptococcus called
A
streptococcus PYOGENES
25
transmission of lyme disease
deer tick bites directly into blood stream
26
transmission of leprosy
genetic factors or activation of innate immune system targeting shwann cells causing demyelination
27
transmission of tuberculosis and what does it cause
inhaled droplets that establish in lungs causing caseous granulomas
28
transmission of candidiasis
get it from candida albicans
antibiotic use causing imbalance of candida causing pathology
29
transmission of rhinovirus
airborne droplets from fomites
30
transmission of influenza
infected droplets or touching fomites then touching mouth/nose
attaches and replicates in epithelial cell on lining leading to immune response to the infection
31
characteristics of chlamydia
epithelial cells in mucosal sites around the body are primary target for this bacteria
32
symptoms of chlamydia
can be asymptomatic
enlarged lymph nodes
oropharyngeal infection
conjunctivitis
women = burning itching discharge
men - burning itching discharge
33
4 stages of syphilis
PSLT
primary - painless, contagious lesions, enlarged lymph nodes
second - rash, fever, fatigue, lack of appetite, headache, sore throat
latent - asymptomatic, skin rash
tertiary - cardiovascular, neurological systems, weak blood vessels, valvular problems, mm discoordination, visual/ auditory impairment, dementia
34
where does the herpes virus hide
dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord and appears when body is stressed
35
what is YERSINIA PESTUM
the plague - bubonic plague - black death
bacterial infection of the lungs carried by fleas on rodents
36
anaerobic bacteria example
staphylococcus AUREUS
37
intrinsic tissue healing pathway
blood vessel wall damage
activated by collagen fibres
factor XII - create clot or scab
38
extrinsic tissue healing pathway
activated by tissue factor
releases thromboplastin
39
virulence
measures the power of degree of pathogenicity
40
what is incubation period
time between entry of microorganism into body and appearance of clinical signs
41
what is prodromal period
nonspecific or generalized symptoms like fatigue loss of appetite or headache
42
how do viral infections attack
by attaching to other cells
43
which diseases stay lifelong
AIDS
lyme
herpes
44
tx for e coliform
hydration , let it run its course
45
staph infection group A
most common
pharyngitis or strep throat followed by rheumatic fever, cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, nec. fasciitis
46
in clostridium botulinum what causes the disease
the toxins that get released when in the bloodstream that block nerve functions --> respiratory / mm paralysis
47
sources of infection
virus
bacteria
protozoa
fungi
helminths (worms)
mycobacteria
prions
48
portals of exit
feces
urine
vomit
tears
semen
open lesions
blood
saliva
49
what is a reservoir
person carrying a contagious disease
50
what is a carrier
person carrying contagious disease but doesn't experience symptoms
51
what is a fomite
inanimate object that transmits disease
(phone, doorknob, keyboard)
52
patterns of infection: may produce
local damage (warts)
toxin that is poisonous (botulism)
widespread systemic effects (HIV)
53
mode of action
virus - invades cells, invade DNA, change & interfere w normal cell processes --> metabolism, growth, replication
other organisms - cause cell to die in some way
54
what is an opportunistic infection
from impaired immune system
common in AIDS, HIV, transplant pt's, older age, newborns, burn victims, chronically diseased
55
clinical S&S of infection
systemic
skin
cardiovascular
respiratory system
CNS
GI
urinary system
56
4 components in response to injury
1. circulatory changes (1st response, increased blood flow)
2. vessel wall changes (damage to endothelial lining in BV walls = more permeable/ leakier)
3. immune response (release of mediators/chemicals --> cytokines, histamines, arachidonic acid)
4. cellular response (fluid imbalance, emigration of leukocytes, phagocytosis)
57
what is pseudomembranous a combo of
ulcerative
purulent
fibrinous
58
once POLIOVIRUS in ingested where does it travel
anterior horn of spinal cord
multiplies and damages motor neurons causing mm weakness and flaccid paralysis
flu like symptoms
59
what does the rhinovirus attack
upper and lower respiratory tracts
60
anaerobic infections
no oxygen reactions, pus forming
obligate = live without O2
facultative = can survive w/o O2
61
what does treponema pallidum form (syphilis)
invades and causes tissues to fibrose and die causing necrosis
tissue forms GUMMAS which act like tumors, growing and taking resources
62
CLOT formation - what do both pathways require ?
Ca2+ to produce PROTHROMBINASE then PROTHROMBIN -> THROMBIN --> FIBRIN THREAD --> FIBRIN CLOT (scab)
63
what is most common form of herpes
simplex 1
64
what is the most common sexually transmitted disease
Genital warts
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
65
what is the most common subtype of Staph
staph. aureus
group A
66
what is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia and meningitis
streptococcus pneumonia
67
most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection
chlamydia
most common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy
68
how does chlamydia work
epithelial cells in mucous sites around the body are the primary target of this bacteria
bacteria lives and reproduces inside these cells eventually killing them but first causing inflammation and damage
69
main symptoms of chlamydia
(tx= antibiotics)
can be asymptomatic
enlarged lymph nodes
oropharyngeal
burning, itching, discharge, dysuria, conjunctivitis
70
disease that infects urogenital tract but also can infect pharynx, eyes, rectum
Gonococcus (Gonorrhea) (the clap)
71
what often occurs w chlamydia
gonorrhea
both treated w antibiotics
72
what disease causes discolored skin sores and growths, nerve damage and nasal symptoms
leprosy (tx is antibiotics for 1-2 years, non-reversible)
targets schwann cells causing demyelination
73
what disease affects mostly the lungs but can affect lymph nodes and other organs
tuberculosis (air borne droplet spread)
74
what is the leading cause of infection in the world
tuberculosis (latent and active TB)
75
what droplets cause granulomas in the lungs
tuberculosis
76
what does tuberculosis cause
pneumonia, meningitis, pericarditis, urogenital infections, can become widesread in body, weight loss, persistent cough
diagnosed w culture sputum or skin test
77
how is TB treated
antibiotic cocktail for 6-9 months, vaccination
78
where are coliforms found
water
soil
vegetation
feces
79
what does escherichia coli do
its a virulent strain
causes gastroenteritis and UTI
80
what is main form of transmittance for coliforms
fecal-oral
81
clinical features of coliforms
bloody diarrhea
nausea
fever
vomiting
stomach cramping
82
main cause of death w coliforms
dehydration
83
what infection causes watery diarrhea leading to severe and rapid dehydration - can be fatal
coliforms - CHOLERA
84
what are the 3 types of clostridium botulinum
C. difficile
C. tetani
C. botulinum
85
what causes paralysis if eaten from canned foods
clostridium botulinum
86
what anaerobic disease causes mm weakness generally starting in the mm's supplied by cranial nerves (eye, eyelids, facial expression, swallowing, talking)
clostridium botulinum
87
what is the treatment for clostridium botulinum
antitoxin that blocks the action of the neurotoxin circulating in the blood
breathing tube may be necessary
88
what is the term for the plague
yersinia pestis (lung infection)
89
90
while in bloodstream avoidance of phagocytes and immune cells allow it to replicate and cause destruction ---- what disease
anaerobic yersinia pestis (plague)
91
what is the vector of lyme disease
deer tick
92
purpose of inflammation
to start healing process
1. to inactivate injurious agent
2. to break down and remove dead cells
3. to initiate healing of tissues
93
what is heat and erythema caused by
caused by vasodilation & increased blood flow
94
what is edema caused by
fluid and cells leaking into interstitial spaces
95
what is pain caused by
direct trauma
bradykinins, histamines, swelling of nerves
96
what is loss of use caused by
caused by joint, ligament, mm, tendon damage
97
causes of inflammation
infections - living pathogens infect (bacteria)
chemical causes - organic or inorganic, industrial/medicinal, exogenous/endogenous
physical causes - heat, irradiation, trauma
foreign bodies - a thorn or bee sting
immune causes - hypersensitivity reactions
98
types of inflammation
SEROUS
mildest
exudate is CLEAR fluid
viral infections
99
what type of inflammation is seen in bacterial infections
fibrinous
100
what kind of inflammation is strep, staph
purulent
101
what cells are the most important in healing
macrophages
b/c they stay the longest and contribute by producing cytokines, growth factors, mediators, myofibroblasts, angioblasts, fibroblasts
102
what causes coagulation
platelets (thrombocytes)
contain granular substances
103
cells of chronic inflammation
lymphocytes
plasma cells
104
what are the most prominent in inflammatory reactions and allergic reactions mediated by immunoglobulin IgE
basophils
precursers to mast cells
105
what cell is involved w allergic reactions and parasitic reactions
eosinophils
106
stages of wound healing in order
IMPMS
inflammatory
migratory
proliferative
maturation
scar tissue formation
107
what is the extrinsic pathway for
tissue damage
108
what is the intrinsic pathway for
blood vessel wall damage
109
in the clot formation pathway what do ex/in produce before they come together
prothrombin
then they come together to complete the process and produce THROMBIN
110
amount of organisms it takes to mount an infection in the host
virulence
staph = takes high number of organisms to make it transmittable to another person
flu = takes little amount to transmit
111
5 types of herpes
simplex 1
simplex 2
varicella - zoster (shingles)
epstein barr virus
cytomegalovirus
112
what is the most common cause of cold sores
herpes simplex 1
113
which type of herpes is transmitted via bloodsteam and can affect any organ
cytomegalovirus
114
circulatory changes
1. arterioles vasoCONSTRICT
2. vasoDILATE
causing blood to rush into capillary network (hyperemia)
causes REDNESS SWELLING WARMTH on skin
115
the complement system causes a histamine release which causes
vasodilation and promotes chemotaxis
116
