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Pathology > into/cell pathology > Flashcards

into/cell pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is prevalence

A

“proportion of cases”

how widespread the disease is

existing cases

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2
Q

what is incidence

A

“risk of contracting disease”

new cases

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3
Q

nociceptive pain is activated by what

A

nociceptive receptors

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4
Q

what are the ways to evaluate pain

A

visual analog scale

pain faces

numerical rating scale of 1-10

numerical rating scale
categorical pain scale
pain drawings
Mcgill

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5
Q

definition of addiction

A

dependence and a withdrawl cycle

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6
Q

what is the most common tx for bipolar

A

lithium

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7
Q

what is etiology

A

cause of disease

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8
Q

what are signs

A

when we describe things clinically, what we are describing

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9
Q

what is a symptom

A

what’s recorded subjectively by the patient

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10
Q

what is a nosocomial infection

A

infection you get from the hospital

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11
Q

what does idiopathic mean

A

unknown cause

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12
Q

where does pain travel through in the pain gate / neuromatrix theory of pain

A

pain travels through gates at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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13
Q

what hormones are released as response to stress in the body or brain

CENNA

A

cortisol
epinephrine
noradrenaline
norepinephrine
adrenaline

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14
Q

what is hyperalgesia

A

increased pain response (more pain than normal)

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15
Q

what helps w detoxification of drugs

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

what is hypoxia

A

reduced state of O2

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17
Q

what is it called when a cell decreases in size

A

atrophy

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18
Q

what is metaplasia

A

when a cell changes from one cell type to another

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19
Q

what is apoptosis

A

cells live our normal life span then die

programmed cell death

20
Q

what is liquefactive necrosis

A

when the brain liquefies

21
Q

how are anemias classified

A

RBC color
size
causative factor

22
Q

most common anemia that affects 20% of women

A

iron deficiency anemia

23
Q

anemia caused by lack of vitamin B12 and larger than normal RBC

A

pernicious anemia

24
Q

type of anemia that is genetically determined

A

sickle cell

25
Q

clotting factor that’s deficient in hemophilia type A

A

VIII - 8

26
Q

what process is necrosis caused by

A

exogenous processes (outside of cell)

27
Q

what is an intracellular accumulation

A

caused by overload of metabolites or inability to secrete excesses

28
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells that cause increase in size of tissue and organs

29
Q

what is neoplasia

A

increase in growth of tissue - forms tumors

30
Q

what is metaplasia

A

change of one mature cell type into another - change can be reversible

31
Q

what is dysplasia

A

increase in numbers of cells and their rate of mitosis

32
Q

what is anaplasia

A

where cells become less differentiated or devolve back into stem cells

33
Q

what are some causes of cell injury

A

lack of O2

ischemia

toxic injury

microbial pathogens

mediators of inflamm and immune reactions

generic and metabolic disturbances

34
Q

where does mitosis happen

A

nucleus - contains RNA, DNA

35
Q

site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

rough ER

36
Q

what is anemia

A

reduction in quantity / quality of RBC

impairs ability to carry O2 and leads to hypoxia in tissues

37
Q

what is hemolytic anemia

A

RBC are destroyed faster than they are produced in bone marrow

38
Q

what is epidemiology

A

incidence

the distribution and control of disease

39
Q

morbidity vs mortality

A

morbidity - how many ppl get it

mortality - how many ppl will die from it

40
Q

pain on skin in response to something that doesn’t normally cause pain - hypersensitive — whats the word for this

A

allodynia

41
Q

what is hyperalgesia

A

increased pain response

42
Q

what is paresthesia

A

painful feelings w no stimulus

43
Q

pain gate theory

A

non painful input like massage closes the gates at the dorsal horns of the spinal cord to block painful input

44
Q

hormones involved w stress

A

adrenaline
noradrenaline
cortisol

45
Q

what is intractable pain

A

excruciating and constant, incurable

46
Q

what disease is cancer of blood tissue/ bone marrow

A

leukemia

Pathology (8 decks)

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