into/cell pathology

Question 1

what is prevalence

Answer 1

“proportion of cases”

how widespread the disease is

existing cases

Question 2

what is incidence

Answer 2

“risk of contracting disease”

new cases

Question 3

nociceptive pain is activated by what

Answer 3

nociceptive receptors

Question 4

what are the ways to evaluate pain

Answer 4

visual analog scale

pain faces

numerical rating scale of 1-10

numerical rating scale
categorical pain scale
pain drawings
Mcgill

Question 5

definition of addiction

Answer 5

dependence and a withdrawl cycle

Question 6

what is the most common tx for bipolar

Answer 6

lithium

Question 7

what is etiology

Answer 7

cause of disease

Question 8

what are signs

Answer 8

when we describe things clinically, what we are describing

Question 9

what is a symptom

Answer 9

what’s recorded subjectively by the patient

Question 10

what is a nosocomial infection

Answer 10

infection you get from the hospital

Question 11

what does idiopathic mean

Answer 11

unknown cause

Question 12

where does pain travel through in the pain gate / neuromatrix theory of pain

Answer 12

pain travels through gates at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

Question 13

what hormones are released as response to stress in the body or brain

CENNA

Answer 13

cortisol
epinephrine
noradrenaline
norepinephrine
adrenaline

Question 14

what is hyperalgesia

Answer 14

increased pain response (more pain than normal)

Question 15

what helps w detoxification of drugs

Answer 15

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 16

what is hypoxia

Answer 16

reduced state of O2

Question 17

what is it called when a cell decreases in size

Answer 17

atrophy

Question 18

what is metaplasia

Answer 18

when a cell changes from one cell type to another

Question 19

what is apoptosis

Answer 19

cells live our normal life span then die

programmed cell death

Question 20

what is liquefactive necrosis

Answer 20

when the brain liquefies

Question 21

how are anemias classified

Answer 21

RBC color
size
causative factor

Question 22

most common anemia that affects 20% of women

Answer 22

iron deficiency anemia

Question 23

anemia caused by lack of vitamin B12 and larger than normal RBC

Answer 23

pernicious anemia

Question 24

type of anemia that is genetically determined

Answer 24

sickle cell

Question 25

clotting factor that's deficient in hemophilia type A

Answer 25

VIII - 8

Question 26

what process is necrosis caused by

Answer 26

exogenous processes (outside of cell)

Question 27

what is an intracellular accumulation

Answer 27

caused by overload of metabolites or inability to secrete excesses

Question 28

what is hyperplasia

Answer 28

increase in number of cells that cause increase in size of tissue and organs

Question 29

what is neoplasia

Answer 29

increase in growth of tissue - forms tumors

Question 30

what is metaplasia

Answer 30

change of one mature cell type into another - change can be reversible

Question 31

what is dysplasia

Answer 31

increase in numbers of cells and their rate of mitosis

Question 32

what is anaplasia

Answer 32

where cells become less differentiated or devolve back into stem cells

Question 33

what are some causes of cell injury

Answer 33

lack of O2 ischemia toxic injury microbial pathogens mediators of inflamm and immune reactions generic and metabolic disturbances

Question 34

where does mitosis happen

Answer 34

nucleus - contains RNA, DNA

Question 35

site of protein synthesis

Answer 35

ribosomes rough ER

Question 36

what is anemia

Answer 36

reduction in quantity / quality of RBC impairs ability to carry O2 and leads to hypoxia in tissues

Question 37

what is hemolytic anemia

Answer 37

RBC are destroyed faster than they are produced in bone marrow

Question 38

what is epidemiology

Answer 38

incidence the distribution and control of disease

Question 39

morbidity vs mortality

Answer 39

morbidity - how many ppl get it mortality - how many ppl will die from it

Question 40

pain on skin in response to something that doesn't normally cause pain - hypersensitive --- whats the word for this

Answer 40

allodynia

Question 41

what is hyperalgesia

Answer 41

increased pain response

Question 42

what is paresthesia

Answer 42

painful feelings w no stimulus

Question 43

pain gate theory

Answer 43

non painful input like massage closes the gates at the dorsal horns of the spinal cord to block painful input

Question 44

hormones involved w stress

Answer 44

adrenaline noradrenaline cortisol

Question 45

what is intractable pain

Answer 45

excruciating and constant, incurable

Question 46

what disease is cancer of blood tissue/ bone marrow

Answer 46

leukemia