quiz 9 Flashcards

1
Q

define: function of vertebral column

A
  • supports weight of head and trunk
  • protect spinal cord
  • allows spinal nerves to exit cord (from intervertebral foramen)
  • allows mvt. (head and trunk)
  • 26 vertebrae (7, 12, 5, 1, 1)
    ⤷ cervical, thorasic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
    ⤷ sacral = 5 fused into one
    ⤷ coccygeal = 4 fused into 1
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2
Q

explain: intervertebral disks

A
  • made up of fibrocartilage
  • between vertebral bodies
  • provides support
  • absorbs vertical shock + allows mvt.
  • herniated disk = rupture towards posterolateral side
    ⤷ bulges through the annulus fibrosus
    ⤷ compresses + impairs nerves
    ⤷ posterolateral side bc we carry most of our mass on the anterior side
    ⤷ posterior side is stretched thin when bending forward and gelatinous mass is pushed to the side
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3
Q

explain: thoracic cage

A
  • protects vital organs
  • semi-rigid
  • includes thoracic vert., ribs, costal cartilage, sternum
  • 12 pairs of ribs
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4
Q

name: numbers of ribs and classification

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • 7 = true ribs
    ⤷ vertebrosternal
    ⤷ connect vertebrae to sternum
  • 5 = false ribs
    ⤷ 3 = vertebralchondral
    ⤷ 2 = floating/vertebral
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5
Q

explain: pectoral girdle (+ attachment to upper limbs)

A
  • pectoral girdle = scapula and clavicle
  • clavicle articulation = medial and lateral
    ⤷ medial: w/ sternum @ sternoclavicular joint
    ⤷ lateral: w/ scapula @ acromioclavicular joint
  • upper limbs attach to pectoral girdle at glenohumoral joint
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6
Q

explain: scapula (+ attachments to other bones)

A
  • coracoid process: attachment point for musc. that extend that extend down to upper limb
  • supraspinous and infraspinous fossa: allows musc. to sit and attach to scapular spine
  • subscapular fossa: attaches musc.
  • acromion process: joint w/ clavicle
  • ridges on scapula line up w/ ribs
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7
Q

explain: clavicle (+ attachments to other bone)

A
  • lateral curve = concave
  • medial curve = convex
  • middle part = switching between curves
    ⤷ weakest part
  • lateral end = acromial
  • sternal end = sternal
  • joint to scapula
    ⤷ acromial end of clavicle + acromion process of scapula
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8
Q

explain: arm (humerus) (+ attachment to other bones)

A
  • attachment to scapula at glenohumeral joint
  • attachment to radius at capitulum
  • attachment to ulna at trochlea
  • olecranon fossa: allows space for elbow when arm is straight
    ⤷ olecranon = elbow
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9
Q

explain: forearm (+ attachments to other bones)

A
  • radius = outside bone (lateral) in anatomical position
  • proximal end = ulna big, radius small
  • distal end = ulna small, radius big
  • elbow = mostly ulnar bone
  • radius head rotates relative to capitulum
    ⤷ attachment to humerus)
  • joint to wrist bones = ellipsoid
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10
Q

explain: wrist bones

A
  • carpals
  • proximal row and articulates w/ radius
  • distal row articulates w/ metacarpal bones
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11
Q

name: carpal bones (in rows)

A
  • proximal row (lateral to medial)
    1. scaphoid
    2. lunate
    3. triquetum
    4. pisiform
  • distal row (lateral to medial)
    1. trapezium
    2. trapezoid
    3. capitate
    4. hamate
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12
Q

explain: hands

A
  • metacarpals and phalanges
  • 5 metacarpals
    ⤷ 1 - 5 starting at thumb
  • thumb = lateral
  • first long bones = metacarpal
  • other long bones = digits (phalanges)
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13
Q

explain: pelvic girdle + lower limb

A
  • girdle = ring of bone connecting axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
  • girdle = illium, ischium, pubis, coxa
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14
Q

explain: pelvis

A
  • pubic symphysis = firbocartilage
  • obturator foramen = space for obturator nerve to travel to lower limbs
  • acetabulum = where lower limbs articulate w/ pelvic girdle
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15
Q

question: what is the difference between pelvic girdle and bony pelvis

A
  • ring = pelvic girdle
  • bony pelvis = pelvic girdle + coccyx bone
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16
Q

explain: thigh

A
  • femur bone
  • femur = longest + strongest bone
  • patella = small bone covering knee (knee cap)
    ⤷ seismic bone (embedded in tendon)
  • patellar groove = under patella
  • neck of femur = narrow (fractures often)
17
Q

explain: leg (+ attachments to other bones)

A
  • fibula = outside
    ⤷ fibuLA = LAteral
  • tibia = bigger
  • medial malleolus = ankle joint
  • lateral malleolus = also forms ankle bone
18
Q

explain: foot

A
  • tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
  • 7 tarsal bones
    1. talus
    2. calcaneus
    3. navicular
    4. first (medial) cuneiform
    5. second (intermediate) cuneiform
    6. third (lateral) cuneiform
    7. cuboid
  • metatarsals labelled medially -> laterally
19
Q

name: structure (3) and function (3) classification for joints

A

STRUCTURE
1. fibrous
2. cartilaginous
3. synovial

FUNCTION
1. synarthrosis (nonmoveable)
2. amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
3. diarthrosis (freely movable)

20
Q

explain: fibrous joints (3)

A
  • bones united by fibrous CT
  • no joint cavity
  • no movement
  • 3 types
    1. sutures
    2. syndesmosis
    3. gomophoses
21
Q

explain: types of fibrous joints

A
  1. sutures
    - dense regular collagen out CT
    - seams of bone
    - have irregular locking bone edges
    ⤷ give strength
  2. syndesmosis
    - dense regular CT
    - joined by ligaments
    - bones = further apart than suture
    - some mvt.
    - most of these articulations are amphiarthrosis
  3. gomphoses
    - for teeth
    - peg and socket
    ⤷ peg = root of tooth
    ⤷ socket = alveolar processes
    - allows for some mvt
    ⤷ for chewing
    ⤷ bc held by bundles of CT (periodontal ligaments = regular collagenous tissue)
22
Q

explain: cartilaginous joints (2)

A
  • joints united by hyaline or fibrocart.
  • 2 types:
    1. synchondrosis
    2. symphysis
23
Q

explain: types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. synchondrosis
    - hyaline cart.
    - no mvt (synarthrosis)
    - temporary joints
    ⤷ get ossified as we age
    - ex. epiphyseal plate
  2. symphysis
    - jointed by fibrocart.
    - somewhat flexible
    - ex. vertebral disks, junction between manubrium (sternum) and body
24
Q

explain: synovial joints (6) and types of mvt. (3)

A
  • have synovial fluid
    ⤷ prod. by synovial mem.
    ⤷ has hyaluronic acid = slippery (acts as lubricant to reduce wear and tear on bones)
  • allows a lot of mvt.
  • 6 types:
    1. plane
    2. hinge
    3. pivot
    4. ellipsoid
    5. saddle
    6. ball and socket
  • 3 types of mvt.:
    1. uniaxial/monoaxial
    2. biaxial
    3. multiaxial (triaxial)
25
Q
A