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kinesiol 2y03 > quiz 11 > Flashcards

quiz 11 Flashcards

1
Q

define: motor unit

A
  • somatic motor neuron and all the musc. fibers it serves
  • 1 motor unit has control over many musc fibers
  • # of fibers dep. on which musc.
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2
Q

question: how many fiber types in one motor neuron?

A
  • only 1 per motor neuron
  • if many fiber types -> many diff. properties (so only 1)
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3
Q

question: how can strength of contraction change?

A
  • change # of recruited motor units

**can’t go past max
⤷ bc all motor units would be responding already

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4
Q

define: asynchronous recruitment

A
  • alternate motor units allow continuous contraction
  • prevents tiring out too quickly (ex. if all respond at same time)
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5
Q

question: in what order are motor units recruited?

A
  • from weak to strong
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6
Q

question: how to build up strength in a musc?

A
  • strength training -> more sarcomeres
  • not more musc. fibers
  • more myofibrils in each fiber
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7
Q

name + define: contraction types (2)

A
  1. isometric
    - musc. length no change, tension increases
    - static
    - ex. posture
    - myosin heads pull on actin but ext. force is equal so no change
  2. isotonic
    - musc. length change, tension constant
    ⤷ force is constant
    - dynamic
    - 2 types: concentric and eccentric
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8
Q

name + define: types of isotonic contractions

A
  1. concentric = musc. shortens when tension overcomes resistance
    - myosin head force overcomes ext. force
    - myosin pulls actin -> sarcomere short -> musc. short
  2. eccentric = musc. lengthens when resistance greater than tension
    - myosin heads working as hard as possible but ext. force = more
    - actin pulled away from M-line
    - tug of war
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9
Q

name: example of concentric vs eccentric contractions

A
  • concentric = bicep curl
  • eccentric = releasing bicep curl
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10
Q

name: fiber types

A
  1. type I
  2. type IIa
  3. type IIx
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11
Q

explain: type I fibers

A
  • slow twitch, high oxidative -> slow oxidative
  • slow ATP breakdown
  • smaller (not as strong)
  • more mito. (makes a lot of ATP w/ ox. metabolism)
  • better blood supply
  • fatigue resistant
  • ex. posture musc.
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12
Q

explain: type IIa fibers

A
  • fast twitch, low oxidative -> fast oxidative glycolytic
    ⤷ does non oxidative glycolysis
  • fast ATP breakdown
    ⤷ faster cross bridge cycling
  • larger than type I
  • less mito.
  • less blood supply
  • less aerobic capacity
    ⤷ more fatigable
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13
Q

explain: type IIx fibers

A
  • fast glycolytic
  • largest
    ⤷ strongest
  • least mito.
  • least blood supply
  • lowest aerobic capacity
  • fatigable
    ⤷ only uses carbs bc can’t use ox. metabolism

**non ox. metabolism -> faster ATP prod.
⤷ needed bc more myofibrils -> greater force

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14
Q

question: what can and can’t training do for musc. fiber types?

A

CAN’T
- change from type I to II
⤷ bc cant change type of myosin ATPase (I = slow, II = fast)

CAN
- change from IIa to IIx and IIx to IIa
- a to x = strength training
- x to a = aerobic training

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15
Q

question: tendon vs ligament?

A
  • tendon = musc. to bone
  • ligament = bone to bone
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16
Q

define: aponeurosis

A
  • very broad tendon
  • sheet like
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17
Q

name: important head + neck musc.

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • trapezius
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18
Q

name: mvt. possible in head + neck musc. (+func.)

A
  • flexion (ant. musc.)
  • extension (post. musc.)
  • rotation + lat. flexion (lat. and post. groups)
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19
Q

explain: sternocleidomastoid (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

HEAD AND NECK - lat. musc. w/ 2 heads

  • origin: manubrium of sternum + clavicle
  • insertion: mastoid process
  • forward flexion (contract all)
  • rotation + lat. flexion (contract one side)
    ⤷ rotate opp. side
    ⤷ flexion same side
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20
Q

explain: trapezius (origin, insertion, mvt.) (head and neck)

A

HEAD AND NECK - post. musc.

  • origin: broad, along vert.
  • insertion: scapula + clavicle
  • extension + lat. flexion
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21
Q

name: important musc. that move vert. column

A
  • erector spinae
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22
Q

explain: mvt. possible in vert. column (+ func.)

A
  • keep erect posture
    ⤷ extension, lat. flexion, rotation

**2 groups of musc. (deep vs superficial)

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23
Q

define: deep vs superficial musc. in vert. column

A
  • deep = vertebra to vertebra
  • superficial = from vertebrae to ribs
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24
Q

explain: erector spinae (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

VERT. COLUMN

  • 3 groups
    ⤷ spinalis (med.)
    ⤷ longissimus (intermediate)
    ⤷ iliocostalis (lat.)
  • vulnerable to injury bc adapted for posture, not force
  • lat. flexion
  • extension
  • rotation
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25
Q

name: important thorasic musc.

A
  • scalenes
  • external intercostals
  • internal intercostals
  • transverse thoracis
  • diaphragm
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26
Q

explain: mvt. possible in thorasic musc. (+ func.)

A
  • allows increase and decrease of V when breathing
  • elevation + depression (ribs)
  • flattening diaphragm
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27
Q

explain: scalenes (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

THORASIC

  • 3 musc.
  • elevates first 2 ribs
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28
Q

explain: external intercostals (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

THORASIC

  • elevates ribs
  • musc. runs superficial to deep
    ⤷ inferior part of top rib to superior part of bottom rib
  • musc. fibers in direction of hand in pocket
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29
Q

explain: internal intercostals (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

THORASIC

  • depresses ribs
  • deeper than external intercostals
  • pulls inferior rib back in place
  • musc. fibers in direction perpendicular to ext. intercostals
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30
Q

explain: transverse thoracis (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

THORASIC

  • depresses ribs
  • origin: sternum
  • insertion: costal cartilage
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31
Q

explain: diaphragm (mvt.)

A

THORASIC

  • inspiration
  • flattens during contraction
  • increases V of thorasic cavity
  • separates thorasic and abdominal cav.
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32
Q

name: important musc. in abdominal wall

A
  • rectus abdominus
  • external abdominal oblique
  • internal abdominal oblique
  • transversus abdominus
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33
Q

explain: mvt. possible in abdominal wall (+ func.)

A
  • expiration, vomiting, defecation, urination, childbirth
  • supports organs
  • no bones
  • flexion + rotation (vert. column)
  • compression
    ⤷ decreases V of thorasic and abdominal cav.
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34
Q

explain: rectus abdominus (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

AB WALL

  • most medial
  • rectus (up and down fiber)
  • flexion (vert. column)
  • compression
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35
Q

explain: external abdominal oblique (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

AB WALL

  • most superficial
  • oblique fibers (hand in pocket)
  • flexion (vert. column)
  • rotation (vert. column)
  • compression
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36
Q

explain: internal abdominal oblique (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

AB WALL

  • fibers run in opp. direction to external oblique
  • flexion
  • rotation
  • compression
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37
Q

explain: transversus abdominus (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

AB WALL

  • deepest
  • fibers follow transverse plane
  • compression (ab. cav.)
38
Q

name: important scapular musc.

A
  • trapezius
  • levator scapular
  • rhomboideus
  • serratus anterior
  • pectoralis minor
39
Q

explain: mvt. possible in scapular musc. (+ func.)

A
  • attach upper limb to body
  • move + stabilize scapular and clavicle
  • originate on axial skeleton
40
Q

explain: trapezius (origin, insertion, mvt.) (scapular)

A

SCAPULAR

  • origin: vert.
  • insertion: spine of scapula
  • post to scap.
  • elevation + depression
  • rotation
41
Q

explain: levator scapulae (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

SCAPULAR

  • origin: cervical vert.
  • insertion: top of scapula
  • deeper than trapezius
  • elevation
  • rotation
42
Q

explain: rhomboideus (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

SCAPULAR

  • origin: vert.
  • insertion: med. border of scap.
  • major and minor = based on size
    ⤷ major = lower and more inferior
  • rower’s musc.
  • contraction
    ⤷ squaring shoulders
  • retraction
43
Q

explain: serratus anterior (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

SCAPULAR

  • origin: lat. part of ribs
  • insertion: med. border of scap.
  • ant. to scap.
    ⤷ holds it in place
  • sawtooth + serrated
  • boxer’s musc.
  • protraction
44
Q

explain: pectoralis minor (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

SCAPULAR

  • origin: from 3 - 5 ribs
  • insertion: coracoid process of scap.
  • depression
45
Q

name: important arm musc.

A
  • pec major
  • latissimus dorsi
  • deltoid
46
Q

explain: mvt. possible in arm musc. (+ func.)

A
  • attach arm to thorax (pec major + lat. dorsi)
  • abduction
  • med. and lat. rotation
  • flexion + extension
47
Q

explain: pectoralis major (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

ARM - ant. musc.

  • origin: broad, on thorasic cage
  • insertion: lat. side of humerus
  • fan shaped
  • flexion
  • adduction
  • med. rotation

**extension only is arm is already flexed

48
Q

explain: latissimus dorsi (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

ARM - post. of body

  • origin: broad, where trapezius leaves off (on vert.)
  • insertion: ant. of humerus
  • extension
  • adduction
  • med. rotation
49
Q

explain: deltoid (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

ARM

  • origin: broad, on scapular and clavicle
  • insertion: lat. side of humerus
  • cap over shoulder
  • abduction
  • med. + lat. rotation
  • flexion + extension
50
Q

name: important rotator cuff musc.

A

SITS

  • subscapularis
  • infraspinatus
  • teres minor
  • supraspinatus
51
Q

explain: mvt. possible in rotator cuff musc. (func.)

A
  • holds humerus in glenoid cav.
    ⤷ fixates biceps brachii
  • cuff/cap for proximal humerus
  • abduction + adduction
  • rotation
52
Q

explain: subscapularis (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

ROTATOR CUFF

  • opposing musc. to infraspinatus
  • origin: broad, on med. ridge of humerus
  • insertion: ant. side of humerus
  • belly: subscapular fossa area
  • med. rotation
53
Q

explain: infraspinatus (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

ROTATOR CUFF

  • origin: broad, on med. post. side of scap.
  • insertion: lat. side of humerus
  • belly: in infraspinatus fossa
  • lat. rotation
54
Q

explain: teres minor (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

ROTATOR CUFF

  • origin: lower scap. border
  • insertion: greater tubercle
  • adduction
  • lat. rotation
  • extension (but isn’t the primary mvt.)
55
Q

explain: supraspinatus (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

ROTATOR CUFF

  • origin: broad, med. border of scap.
  • insertion: top of humerus
  • belly: in supraspinatus fossa
  • abduction
    ⤷ pulls up on humerus
56
Q

name: important forearm musc.

A
  • triceps brachii
  • anconeus
  • biceps brachii
  • brachioradialis
  • brachialis
  • supinator
  • pronator quadratus
  • pronator teres
57
Q

explain: mvt. possible in forearm musc. (+ func.)

A
  • extension
  • flexion
  • supination
  • pronation
58
Q

question: which forearm musc. do extension, flexion, supination, pronation?

A

EXTENSION
- triceps brachii
- anconeus

FLEXION
- biceps brachii
- brachioradialis
- brachialis

SUPINATION
- supinator
- biceps brachii

PRONATION
- pronator quadratus
- pronator teres

59
Q

explain: triceps brachii (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

FOREARM - post. side of humerus

  • origin: scap. and humerus
  • insertion: olecranon process of ulna
  • 3 heads
  • extension
60
Q

explain: anconeus (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

FOREARM

  • origin: distal humerus
  • insertion: olecranon
  • small musc. belly
  • extension
61
Q

explain: biceps brachii (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

FOREARM - ant. side of humerus

  • origin: scap.
  • insertion: radius
  • 2 heads
  • flexion
  • supination
62
Q

explain: brachioradialis (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

FOREARM

  • origin: distal end of humerus
  • insertion: radius
  • musc. belly mostly in forearm
  • flexion
63
Q

explain: brachialis (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

FOREARM

  • origin: mid humerus
  • insertion: ulna
  • deeper than triceps brachii
  • flexion
64
Q

explain: supinator (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

FOREARM - post. deep side

  • origin: ulna and humerus
  • insertion: radius
  • supination
65
Q

explain: pronator quadratus (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

FOREARM - ant. distal side between ulna and radius

  • pronation
66
Q

explain: pronator teres (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

FOREARM - ant. side

  • exactly opposite to supinator
  • pronation
67
Q

name: important wrists + hands + fingers musc.

A
  • thenar musc.
  • hypothenar musc.

**intrinsic hand musc.

68
Q

explain: mvt. possible by musc. in wrists + hands + fingers

A

EXTRINSIC (ant. forearm)
- flexion (wrist + hand + fingers)
- adduction + abduction (wrist)

EXTRINSIC (post. of forearm)
- extension (wrist + hand+ fingers)
- abduction (wrist)

INTRINSIC
- adduction + abduction of hand
- opposition + reposition of fingers

69
Q

question: why are there extrinsic musc. for the hands?

A
  • if musc. bellies were in hands -> less dexterity
  • instead: bellies in forearm, really long tendons to hands
70
Q

explain: thenar + hypothenar musc. (mvt.)

A

HANDS + WRISTS + FINGERS

  • thenar = adduction + abduction (hand)
  • hypothenar = opposition + reposition of fingers
71
Q

name: important thigh musc.

A
  • iliacus + psoas major (iliopsoas)
  • thigh rotators
  • sartorius
  • gluteals
  • tensor fasciae latae
72
Q

explain: mvt. possible in thigh musc.

A
  • flexion (hip)
  • extension (thigh)
  • abduction
  • lat. rotation

**all musc. that move femus originate from hip and insert on femur

73
Q

explain: illiopsoas (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

THIGH - anterior

  • illiacus + psoas major share tendon of insertion
  • insertion: proximal part of femur
  • flexion (hip)
74
Q

explain: thigh rotators (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

THIGH - deep

  • lat. rotation
75
Q

explain: sartorius (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

THIGH

  • origin: lat. of hip
  • insertion: med. of tibia
  • allows cross leg position
  • flexion (hip + knee)
  • lat. rotation (thigh)
76
Q

explain: gluteals (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

THIGH - posterolat.

  • maximus = most superficial + largest
  • medius = deeper
  • minimus = deepest
  • post. of thigh
  • abduction

**maximus also does extension and lat. rot.

77
Q

explain: tensor fasciae (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

THIGH - posterolat.

  • origin: hip
  • insertion: leg bones
  • runs down lat side and crosses knee joint
  • stabilizes femur when standing
  • flexion
  • abduction (hip)
78
Q

question: which thigh musc. are anterior, deep, posterolat.?

A
  • ant. = iliopsoas
  • deep = thigh rotator
  • posterolat. = gluteals and tensor fasciae latae
79
Q

name: important leg. musc.

A
  • med. thigh musc.
  • post. thigh musc.
  • biceps femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
  • quadriceps femoris
80
Q

explain: mvt. possible in leg musc. (+ func.)

A
  • adduction (thigh)
  • flexion (knee, hip)
  • extension (hip, leg at knee)
  • lat. rotation (leg)
81
Q

explain: medial thigh musc. (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

LEG

  • adduction (thigh)
  • from hip to medial femur
82
Q

explain: posterior thigh musc. (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

LEG

  • hamstrings = 3 musc.
    ⤷ cross hip and knee joint
  • flexion (knee)
  • extension (hip)
83
Q

explain: biceps femoris (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

LEG - lat. + superficial

  • lat. rotation
  • flexion (knee)
  • extension (hip)
84
Q

explain: semitendinosus (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

LEG - med.

  • flexion (knee)
  • extension (hip)
85
Q

explain: semimembranosus (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

LEG - deep

  • flexion (knee)
  • extension (hip)
86
Q

explain: quadriceps femoris (origin, insertion, mvt.)

A

LEG - ant. of thigh

  • 4 parts
    1. rectus femoris
    2. vastus intermedius
    3. vastus medialis
    4. vastus lateralis
  • origin: hip (rectus femoris) and thigh (vastuses)
  • rectus femoris = flexion (thigh and hip)
  • vastuses = extension (knee)
  • all join at patellar ligament
87
Q

name: important ankles + feet + toes musc.

A
  • ant., lat. and post. compartments

**post. has gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus (extrinsic)

88
Q

explain: mvt. possible by musc. in ankles + feet + toes

A

EXTRINSIC (ant.) = extensors
- dorsiflexion
- eversion + inversion
- extension (toes)

EXTRINSIC (lat.)
- plantar flexion + extension

EXTRINSIC (post.)
- superficial = plantar flexion
- deep = plantar flexion, inversion, flexion (toes)

INTRINSIC
- adduction + abduction of hand
- opposition + reposition of fingers

TOES
- flexion, extension, adduction, abduction

89
Q

question: what and where is the calcaneal?

A
  • Achilles
  • tendon of insertion for superficial posterior compartment musc.
    ⤷ gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus
90
Q

question: what would happen if someone’s calcaneal was severed?

A
  • no plantar flexion
  • loss of connection for gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus
    ⤷ achilles = common insertion for them

kinesiol 2y03 (18 decks)

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