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kinesiol 2y03 > quiz 10 > Flashcards

quiz 10 Flashcards

1
Q

name: types of mvt. at synovial joints (4)

A
  1. gliding mvt.
  2. angular mvt.
  3. circular mvt.
  4. special mvt.
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2
Q

explain: gliding mvt.

A
  • usually at plane joints
  • ex. vertebrae, carpals (to help w. dexterity)
    ⤷ not the connection between the bodies of vert. but the inferior and anterior articular processes (where vert. form joint w/ each other)
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3
Q

define: angular mvt.

A
  • one part of linear struc. gets bent relative to the other part
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4
Q

explain: flexion + extension + hyperextension

A

ANGULAR MVT

  • flexion + extension + hyperextension
    ⤷ flexion: decreases angle, mvt. in anterior direction
    ⤷ extension: increases angle, mvt. in posterior direction
    ⤷ hypertension: extend past anat. pos.
    **except for knee flexion and lateral flexion
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5
Q

explain: plantar flexion + dorsiflexion

A

ANGULAR MVT

  • plantar flexion + dorsiflexion of ankle
    ⤷ plantar = mvt. towards plantar surface of foot (pointing toe)
    ⤷ dorsiflexion = mvt. away from plantar (flexing foot)
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6
Q

explain: abduction and adduction

A

ANGULAR MVT

  • abduction + adduction
    ⤷ ab.tion = mvt. away from midline
    ⤷ add.ion = mvt. towards midline
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7
Q

explain: rotation

A

CIRCULAR MVT

  • rotation
    ⤷ turning a struc. around long axis
    ⤷ ex. head rotates at dens of C2
    ⤷ ex. humerus rotates at shoulder joint
    ⤷ ex. lat. and med/ rotation of knee
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8
Q

explain: pronation and supination

A

CIRCULAR MVT

  • pronation + supination
    ⤷ rotation at forearm
    ⤷ pronation = radius and ulna bones cross
    ⤷ supination = radius and ulna bones don’t cross (parallel)
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9
Q

explain: circumduction

A

CIRCULAR MVT

  • circumduction
    ⤷ flexion, extension, ab.tion, add.tion
    ⤷ ex. ball and socket joints
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10
Q

define: special mvt.

A
  • mvt.s unique to 1 - 2 joints
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11
Q

explain: elevation and depression (scapula and mandible)

A

SPECIAL MVT

  • elevation + depression for scap. and mandible
    ⤷ elevation = moving superiorly
    ⤷ depression = moving inferiorly
    ⤷ scap.= shrugging up and down
    ⤷ mandible = opening and closing mouth (open = depression)
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12
Q

explain: protraction and retraction (mandible, scapula, clavicle

A

SPECIAL MVT

  • protraction + retraction for mandible, scap., clavicle
    ⤷ protraction = ant. mvt. in transverse plane
    ⤷ retraction = post. mvt. in transverse plant
    ⤷ clavicle + scap. = hunching forward = protraction, squaring shoulders = retraction)
    ⤷ mandible = jutting jaw out = protraction (vv)
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13
Q

explain: inversion and eversion (intertarsals)

A

SPECIAL MVT

  • inversion + eversion for intertarsals (not ankle bc ankle = hinge)
    ⤷ inversion = turning ankle, plantar facing medially (inwards)
    ⤷ eversion - turning ankle, plantar facing laterally
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14
Q

explain: opposition and reposition (metacarpals)

A

SPECIAL MVT

  • opposition + reposition
    ⤷ opp.tion = thumb + pinky touch
    ⤷ reposition = fingers return to normal
    **opp.tion for other fingers touching thumb but other fingers also have flexion in phalanx
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15
Q

name: functions of skeletal musc. systems (5) + define: skeletal musc

A
  • body mvt.
  • maintenance of posture
  • respiration
  • prod. of body heat
  • communication

**the only type of musc. that is conciously controlled

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16
Q

name + define: properties of musc. (4)

A
  1. contractibility
    ⤷ ability to contract
  2. excitability
    ⤷ capability to respond to stim. by producing AP
  3. extensibility
    ⤷ musc. can be stretched beyond resting length + still be able to contract
  4. elasticity
    ⤷ ability to recoil to OG length after being stretched
17
Q

name: layers of skeletal musc. fiber in order deep to superficial

A
  • endomysium holds musc. fibers -> fascicles
  • fascicle
  • perimysium holds fascicles together
  • epimysium holds musc.
  • muscular fascia holds many musc.

**superficial to deep = fascicle -> musc. fiber -> myofibril -> myofilaments and sarcomere

18
Q

explain: fascicle struc.

A
  • multinuclear but nuclei pushed to outside edge
  • transverse tubules = extension (invagination) of sarcolemma
    ⤷ sarcolemma = plasma membrane for musc. cell
  • having transverse tubules allows mvt. of AP to go through cell, not just around
19
Q

explain: musc. fiber structure

A
  • transverse tubules wrap around myofibrils (allow AP mvt.)
  • AP drops into transverse tubule -> sends sig. to SR
  • Ca released into myofibril region -> stimulates musc. contraction
  • terminal cisterna store Ca
  • triad = terminal cisterna, transverse tubule, terminal cisterna
20
Q

explain: myofibrils

A
  • sarcomere = individual units of myofibril
  • 1 sarcomere = from 1 z-disk to another
  • 1 actin and 1 myosin together
21
Q

explain: actin myofilaments

A
  • thin
  • lighter colour
  • has active sites for myosin to bind
    ⤷ covered by tropomyosin (covers F actin)
  • troponin binds to G actin, Ca, and tropomyosin -> moves troponin off active sites
  • myosin can bind
22
Q

explain: myosin myofilaments

A
  • thick
  • darker colour
  • golf club shaped
  • myosin head has myosin ATPase
    ⤷ needs to break down ATP for E for myosin to bind + move actin
23
Q

explain: sarcomere organization

A
  • z-disk = attachment for actin myofilaments
  • titin = elastic chains of AA
  • I bands = from z-disks to ends of thick filament (only actin)
  • A bands = length of thick filaments (entire myosin)
  • H zone = region of A band where actin + myosin don’t overlap (only myosin)
  • M line = middle of H zone (delicate filaments hold myosin in place)
  • each sarcomere = associated w/ 2 transverse tubules
24
Q

recap: pathway for AP to cause musc. contraction

A
  • AP goes through transverse tubule
  • releases Ca
  • Ca binds to troponin
  • changes the shape of troponin + moves tropomyosin off active sites
  • myosin binds to actin
  • myosin moves towards middle pulling z-disks toward m-line
  • sarcomere gets shorter -> musc. shorter = musc. contraction
25
Q

name: types of skeletal musc. contraction (4)

A
  • sliding filament mechanism
  • cross-bridge cycle
  • neuromuscular junction
  • excitation-contraction coupling
26
Q

explain: sliding filament mechanism

A
  • myosin heads attach to actin + pull z-disks to m-line
    ⤷ causes shorter h-zone (more overlap)
    ⤷ causes shorter i-band (myosin moving towards z-disk)
  • a-band doesn’t change
  • maximally contracted = no h-zone (bc entirely overlapped) and no i-band (myosin reached z-disk)

**myosin don’t all overlap at the same time bc otherwise they would all let go at the same time and the actin would be pulled away
⤷ alternate like tug of war

27
Q

explain: cross-bridge cycle (contraction cycle)

A
  1. Ca binds to troponin -> exposes active sites
  2. myosin binds to actin -> forms cross bridge + myosin heads release phosphate (ATP -> ADP)
  3. cross bridges rotate towards center of sarcomere (power stroke), myosin moves towards m-line + ADP released
  4. myosin heads bind ATP making cross bridges release from actin
  5. myosin heads have ATPase to break down ATP -> myosin reorient and start again but now from a spot closer to z-disk
  6. repeat from step 2
28
Q

explain: pathway of neuromuscular junction

A
  • motor end plate = region of sarcomeres that has Ach ligand gated ion channels
  • nerve impulses open Ca channels -> Ca rushing in
  • Ca stim. vesicles to move to mem + release Ach into syn. cleft
  • Ach binds to ligand gated channels on sarcolemma
    ⤷ increases permeability of ligand gated Na channels
  • Na enters cell + depol. postsyn. mem
  • reaches postsyn. AP threshold -> AP
  • Ach broken down in cleft into aacetic A + choline
    ⤷ acetic A = taken up by other cell types
    ⤷ choline = reabsorbed by presyn. term + added to acetic A to make more Ach
29
Q

explain: pathway of excitatory-contraction coupling

A
  • musc. AP propagates along sarcolemma into t-tubules
  • Ca channels in SR open
    ⤷ releases Ca into sarcoplasm
  • Ca binds to troponin -> changes shape of troponin-tropomyosin complex
  • tropomyosin moves off myosin binding sites
  • heads of myosin can bind to actin -> cross bridge forms

kinesiol 2y03 (18 decks)

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